![pysimplegui_logo](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/13696193/43165867-fe02e3b2-8f62-11e8-9fd0-cc7c86b11772.png) # 2020 - Updates are in Progress It's been a little while getting back around to the Cookbook. As a result, some of the information was using older design patterns and some better examples need to be included. There have been about 1/3 of the changes made so far that need to get made, so be patient. # The PySimpleGUI Cookbook Welcome to the PySimpleGUI Cookbook! It's provided as but one component of a larger documentation effort for the PySimpleGUI package. Its purpose is to give you a jump start. You'll find that starting with a Recipe will give you a big jump-start on creating your custom GUI. Copy and paste one of these Recipes and modify it to match your requirements. Study them to get an idea of some design patterns to follow. This document is not a replacement for the main documentation at http://www.PySimpleGUI.org. If you're looking for answers, they're most likely there in the detailed explanations and call definitions. That document is updated much more frequently than this one. See the main doc on installation. Typically it's `pip install pysimplegui` to install. # The "Demo Programs" Are Also Recipes If you like this Cookbook, then you'll LOVE the 200 sample programs that are just like these. You'll find them in the GitHub at http://Demos.PySimpleGUI.com. They are located in the folder `DemoPrograms` and there is also a `Demo Programs` folder for each of the PySimpleGUI ports. These programs are updated frequently, much more so than this Cookbook document. It's there that you'll find the largest potential for a big jump-start on your project. These short Demo Programs fall into 3 categories: 1. Demonstrate a particular Element 2. Integration with another package (e.g. Matplotlib, OpenCV, etc) 3. Provide added functionality - more complex element combinations or extensions to elements So, for example, if you're trying to use the Graph Element to create a line graph, check out the demo programs... there are 8 different demos for the Graph Element alone. # Trinket, the Online PySimpleGUI Cookbook More and more the recipes are moving online, away from this document and onto Trinket. http://Trinket.PySimpleGUI.org You'll find a number of "recipes" running on Trinket. The PySimpleGUI [Trinket Demo Programs](https://pysimplegui.trinket.io/demo-programs) are often accompanied by explanatory text. Because it's an actively used educational capability, you'll find newer PySimpleGUI features demonstrated there. The advantage to "live", online PySimpleGUI demos is that you can examine the source code, run it, and see the GUI in your browser window, without installing *anything* on your local machine. No Python, no PySimpleGUI, only your browser is needed to get going. # [Repl.it](https://repl.it/@PySimpleGUI)... another online resource The [PySimpleGUI repl.it repository](https://repl.it/@PySimpleGUI) is also used, but it doesn't provide the same kind of capability to provide some explanatory text and screenshots with the examples. It does, however, automatically install the latest version of PySimpleGUI for many of the examples. It also enables the demo programs to access any package that can be pip installed. Trinket does not have this more expansive capability. Some older demos are located there. You can run PySimpleGUIWeb demos using Repl.it. # Cookbook Purpose A quick explanation about this document. The PySimpleGUI Cookbook is meant to get you started quickly. But that's only part of the purpose. The other, probably most important one, is *coding conventions*. The more of these examples and the programs you see in the [Demo Programs](http://Demos.PySimpleGUI.org) section on the GitHub, the more familiar certain patterns will emerge. It's through the Cookbook and the Demo Programs that new PySimpleGUI constructs and naming conventions are "rolled out" to the user community. If you are brand new to PySimpleGUI, then you're getting your foundation here. That foundation changes over time as the package improves. The old code still runs, but as more features are developed and better practices are discovered, you'll want to be using newer examples and coding conventions. PEP8 names are a really good example. Previously many of the method names for the Elements were done with CamelCase which is not a PEP8 compliant way of naming those functions. They should have been snake_case. Now that a complete set of PEP8 bindings is available, the method names are being changed here, in the primary documentation and in the demo programs. `window.Read()` became `window.read()`. It's better that you see examples using the newer `windows.read()` names. In short, it's brainwashing you to program PySimpleGUI a certain way. The effect is that one person has no problem picking up the code from another PySimpleGUI programmer and recognizing it. If you stick with variable names shown here, like many other PySimpleGUI users have, then you'll understand other people's code (and the demos too) quicker. So far, the coding conventions have been used by most all users. It's improved efficiency for everyone. # Keys Keys are an extremely important concept for you to understand. They are the labels/tags/names/identifiers you give Elements. They are a way for you to communicate about a specific element with the PySimpleGUI API calls. Keys are used to: * inform you when one of them generates an event * change an element's value or settings * communicate their value when performing a `window.read()` **Important** - while they are shown as strings in many examples, they can be ANYTHING (ints, tuples, objects). Anything **EXCEPT Lists**. Lists are not valid Keys because in Python lists are not hashable and thus cannot be used as keys in dictionaries. Tuples, however, can. Keys are specified when you create an element using the `key` keyword parameter. They are used to "find elements" so that you can perform actions on them. # GETTING STARTED - Copy these design patterns! All of your PySimpleGUI programs will utilize one of these 2 design patterns depending on the type of window you're implementing. The two types of windows are: 1. One-shot 2. Persistent The **One-shot window** is one that pops up, collects some data, and then disappears. It is more or less a 'form' meant to quickly grab some information and then be closed. The **Persistent window** is one that sticks around. With these programs, you loop, reading and processing "events" such as button clicks. It's more like a typical Windows/Mac/Linux program. If you are writing a "typical Windows program" where the window stays open while you collect multiple button clicks and input values, then you'll want Recipe Pattern 2B. # Recipe - Pattern 1A - "One-shot Window" - (The Simplest Pattern) ![SNAG-0682](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/75083298-0917fe00-54e6-11ea-96c8-b9b47132d546.jpg) ![SNAG-0683](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/75083292-04534a00-54e6-11ea-92bb-57df74e05ec7.jpg) This will be the most common pattern you'll follow if you are not using an "event loop" (not reading the window multiple times). The window is read and then closed. When you "read" a window, you are returned a tuple consisting of an `event` and a dictionary of `values`. The `event` is what caused the read to return. It could be a button press, some text clicked, a list item chosen, etc, or `WIN_CLOSED` if the user closes the window using the X. The `values` is a dictionary of values of all the input-style elements. Dictionaries use keys to define entries. If your elements do not specificy a key, one is provided for you. These auto-numbered keys are ints starting at zero. This design pattern does not specify a `key` for the `InputText` element, so its key will be auto-numbered and is zero in this case. Thus the design pattern can get the value of whatever was input by referencing `values[0]` ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg layout = [[sg.Text('My one-shot window.')], [sg.InputText()], [sg.Submit(), sg.Cancel()]] window = sg.Window('Window Title', layout) event, values = window.read() window.close() text_input = values[0] sg.popup('You entered', text_input) ``` If you want to use a key instead of an auto-generated key: ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg layout = [[sg.Text('My one-shot window.')], [sg.InputText(key='-IN-')], [sg.Submit(), sg.Cancel()]] window = sg.Window('Window Title', layout) event, values = window.read() window.close() text_input = values['-IN-'] sg.popup('You entered', text_input) ``` # Recipe - Pattern 1B - "One-shot Window" - (Self-closing, single line) For a much more compact window, it's possible to create, display, read, and close a window in a single line of code. ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg event, values = sg.Window('Login Window', [[sg.T('Enter your Login ID'), sg.In(key='-ID-')], [sg.B('OK'), sg.B('Cancel') ]]).read(close=True) login_id = values['-ID-'] ``` The important part of this bit of code is `close=True`. This is the parameter that instructs PySimpleGUI to close the window just before the read returns. This is a single line of code, broken up to make reading the window layout easier. It will display a window, let the user enter a value, click a button and then the window will close and execution will be returned to you with the variables `event` and `values` being returned. Notice use of Element name "Shortcuts" (uses `B` rather than `Button`, `T` instead of `Text`, `In` rather than `InputText`, etc.). These shortcuts are fantastic to use when you have complex layouts. Being able to "see" your entire window's definition on a single screen of code has huge benefits. It's another tool to help you achieve simple code. # Recipe - Pattern 2A - Persistent window (multiple reads using an event loop) ![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/68600333-5361fb80-0470-11ea-91cb-691e32832b60.png) The more advanced/typical GUI programs operate with the window remaining visible on the screen. Input values are collected, but rather than closing the window, it is kept visible acting as a way to both input and output information. In other words, a typical Window, Mac or Linux window. *Let this sink in for a moment....* in 10 lines of Python code, you can display and interact with your own custom GUI window. You are writing "*real GUI code*" (as one user put it) that will look and act like other windows you're used to using daily. This code will present a window and will print values until the user clicks the exit button or closes window using an X. ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg sg.theme('DarkAmber') # Keep things interesting for your users layout = [[sg.Text('Persistent window')], [sg.Input(key='-IN-')], [sg.Button('Read'), sg.Exit()]] window = sg.Window('Window that stays open', layout) while True: # The Event Loop event, values = window.read() print(event, values) if event == sg.WIN_CLOSED or event == 'Exit': break window.close() ``` Here is some sample output from this code: ``` Read {'-IN-': 'typed into input field'} Read {'-IN-': 'More typing'} Exit {'-IN-': 'clicking the exit button this time'} ``` The first thing printed is the "event" which in this program is the buttons. The next thing printed is the `values` variable that holds the dictionary of return values from the read. This dictionary has only 1 entry. The "key" for the entry is `'-IN-'` and matches the key passed into the `Input` element creation on this line of code: ```python [sg.Input(key='-IN-')], ``` If the window was close using the X, then the output of the code will be: ``` None {'-IN-': None} ``` The `event` returned from the read is set to `None` (the variable `WIN_CLOSED`) and so are the input fields in the window. This `None` event is super-important to check for. It must be detected in your windows or else you'll be trying to work with a window that's been destroyed and your code will crash. This is why you will find this check after ***every*** `window.read()` call you'll find in sample PySimpleGUI code. In some cirsumstances when a window is closed with an X, both of the return values from `window.read()` will be `None`. This is why it's important to check for `event is None` before attempting to access anything in the `values` variable. # Recipe - Pattern 2B - Persistent window (multiple reads using an event loop + updates data in window) ![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/68633697-df9c0f00-04c0-11ea-9fb3-121a72a87a59.png) This is a slightly more complex, but more realistic version that reads input from the user and displays that input as text in the window. Your program is likely to be doing both of those activities so this pattern will likely be your starting point. Do not worry yet what all of these statements mean. Just copy the template so you can start to experiment and discover how PySimpleGUI programs work. ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg sg.theme('BluePurple') layout = [[sg.Text('Your typed chars appear here:'), sg.Text(size=(15,1), key='-OUTPUT-')], [sg.Input(key='-IN-')], [sg.Button('Show'), sg.Button('Exit')]] window = sg.Window('Pattern 2B', layout) while True: # Event Loop event, values = window.read() print(event, values) if event == sg.WIN_CLOSED or event == 'Exit': break if event == 'Show': # Update the "output" text element to be the value of "input" element window['-OUTPUT-'].update(values['-IN-']) window.close() ``` To modify an Element in a window, you call its `update` method. This is done in 2 steps. First you lookup the element, then you call that element's `update` method. The way we're achieving output here is by changing a Text Element with this statement: ```python window['-OUTPUT-'].update(values['-IN-']) ``` `window['-OUTPUT-']` returns the element that has the key `'-OUTPUT-'`. Then the `update` method for that element is called so that the value of the Text Element is modified. Be sure you have supplied a `size` that is large enough to display your output. If the size is too small, the output will be truncated. If you need to interact with elements prior to calling `window.read()` you will need to "finalize" your window first using the `finalize` parameter when you create your `Window`. "Interacting" means calling that element's methods such as `update`, `draw_line`, etc. ------------ ## Inside your event loop For persistent windows, after creating the window, you have an event loop that runs until you exit the window. Inside this loop you will read values that are returned from reading the window and you'll operate on elements in your window. To operate on elements, you look them up and call their method functions such as `update`. ### Old Style Element Lookups - FindElement The original / old-style way of looking up elements using their key was to call `window.FindElement` or the shortened `window.Element`, passing in the element's key. These 3 lines of code do the same thing. The first line is the currently accepted way of performing this lookup operation and what you'll find in all of the current demos. ```python window['-OUTPUT-'] window.FindElement('-OUTPUT-') window.find_element('-OUTPUT-') window.Element('-OUTPUT-') ``` ### Element Operations Once you lookup an element, the most often performed operation is `update`. There are other element methods you can call such as `set_tooltip()`. You'll find the list of operations available for each element in the [call summary](https://pysimplegui.readthedocs.io/en/latest/#element-and-function-call-reference) at the end of the main documentation. To call any of these other methods, you do the element lookup, then add on the call such as this call to `set_tooltip`. ```python window[my_key].set_tooltip('New Tooltip') ``` ---- # Exiting a Window For persistent windows, you will find this if statement immediately following every `window.read` call you'll find in this document and likely all of the demo programs: ```python if event in (sg.WIN_CLOSED, 'Quit'): break ``` or this version which is easier for beginners to understand. They perfect exactly the same check. ```python if event == sg.WIN_CLOSED or event == 'Quit': break ``` This is your user's "way out". **Always** give a way out to your user or else they will be using task manager or something else, all the while cursing you. Beginners to Python may not understand this statement and it's important to understand it so that you don't simply ignore it because you don't understand the syntax. The if statment is identical to this if statement: ```python if event == sg.WIN_CLOSED or event == 'Quit': break ``` The `event in (sg.WIN_CLOSED, 'Quit')` simply means is the value of the `event` variable in the list of choices shown, in this case `WIN_CLOSED` or `Quit`. If so, then break out of the Event Loop and likely exit the program when that happens for simple programs. You may find 'Exit' instead of 'Quit' in some programs. Or may find only `WIN_CLOSED` is checked. Exit & Quit in this case refer to a Quit/Exit button being clicked. If your program doesn't have one, then you don't need to include it. ## Close Your Windows When you're done with your window, close it. ```python window.close() ``` The reason is that for some ports, like PySimpleGUIWeb, you cannot exit the program unless the window is closed. It's nice to clean up after yourself too. --------------------- # Coding Conventions By following some simple coding conventions you'll be able to copy / paste demo program code into your code with minimal or no modifications. Your code will be understandable by other PySimpleGUI programmers as well. The primary *suggested* conventions are: * `import PySimpleGUI as sg` * Name your Window `window` * Name the return values from reading your window `event` and `values` * Name your layout `layout` * Use `window[key]` to lookup elements * For keys that are strings, follow this pattern `'-KEY-'` Of course you don't have to follow *any* of these. They're suggestions, but if you do follow them, your code is a lot easier to understand by someone else. ## Coding Tips A few tips that have worked well for others. In the same spirit as the coding conventions, these a few observations that may speed up your development or make it easier for others to understand your code. They're guidelines / tips / suggestions / ideas... meant to help you. * Stay ***simple*** at every opportunity * Read or search the documentation (http://www.PySimpleGUI.org) * Use the coding conventions outlined above * Write compact layouts * Use "user defined elements" when you find yourself repeating parameters many times (functions that return elements) * Use PySimpleGUI constructs rather than other GUI frameworks' constructs * Use reasonable timeout values (as large of non-zero values as possible... be a good CPU citizen) * Do not try to make any PySimpleGUI call from a thread * Close your windows before exiting * Make linear event loops * Use the `values` dictionary rather than `Element.get` methods * Look through Demo Programs for more tips / techniques (http://Demos.PySimpleGUI.org) Most of these are self-explanatory or will be understood as you learn more about PySimpleGUI. You won't now what a timeout value is at this point, but if/when you do use reads with timeouts, then you'll understand the tip. A little more detail on a few of them that aren't obvious. ### Write compact layouts Try to keep your layout definitions to a single screen of code. Don't put every parameter on a new line. Don't add tons of whitespace. If you've got a lot of elements, use the shortcut names (e.g. using `sg.B` rather than `sg.Button` saves 5 characters per button in your layout). The idea here to be able to see your entire window in your code without having to scroll. ### Use PySimpleGUI constructs PySimpleGUI programs were not designed using the same OOP design as the other Python GUI frameworks. Trying to force fit them into an OOP design doesn't buy anything other then lots of `self.` scattered in your code, more complexity, and possibly more confusion Of course your overall design can be OOP. The point is that there is no concept of an "App" or a never-ending event loop or callback functions. PySimpleGUI is different than tkinter and Qt. Trying to code in that style is likely to not result in success. If you're writing a subclass for `Window` as a starting point, it's highly likely you're doing something wrong. ----- # Themes - Window "Beautification" "Beautiful windows" don't just happen, but coloring your window can be accomplished with 1 line of code. One complaint about tkinter that is often heard is how "ugly" it looks. You can do something about that by using PySimpleGUI themes. ```python sg.theme('Dark Green 5') ``` A call to `theme` will set the colors to be used when creating windows. It sets text color, background color, input field colors, button color,.... 13 different settings are changed. The default theme is "Dark Blue 3" ## Look and Feel Theme Explosion There are currently 140 themes to choose from (in April 2020, maybe more by the time you read this) ![SNAG-0620](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/71361827-2a01b880-2562-11ea-9af8-2c264c02c3e8.jpg) To see the above preview for your version of PySimpleGUI, make this call to generate a preview of all available themes: ```python sg.theme_previewer() ``` Even windows that are created for you, such as popups, will use the color settings you specify. And, you can change them at any point, even mid-way through defining a window layout. This one line of code helps, but it's not the only thing that is going to make your window attractive. ### Theme Name Format You can look at the table of available themes to get the name of a theme you want to try, or you can "guess" at one using this formula: `<"Dark" | "Light"> [#]` Where Color is one of these: `Black, Blue, Green, Teal, Brown, Yellow, Gray, Purple` The # is optional and is used when there is more than 1 choice for a color. For example, for "Dark Blue" there are 12 different themes (Dark Blue, and Dark Blue 1-11). These colors specify the rough color of the background. These can vary wildly so you'll have to try them out to see what you like the best. # Recipe - Built-in Theme Viewer If you want to see a window on your system like the above theme preview screenshot, then make this call and you'll see the same window: ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg sg.preview_all_look_and_feel_themes() ``` ### Specifying and Getting Theme Names In addition to getting all of these new themes, the format of the string used to specify them got "fuzzy". You no longer have to specify the ***exact*** string shown in the preview. Now you can add spaces, change the case, even move words around and you'll still get the correct theme. For example the theme `"DarkBrown2"` can be specified also as `"Dark Brown 2"`. If you can't remember the names and get it wrong, you'll get a text list of the available choices printed on your console. You can also get the list of theme names by calling `theme_list` ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg theme_name_list = sg.theme_list() ``` If you guess incorrectly, then you'll be treated to a random theme instead of some hard coded default. You were calling theme to get more color, in theory, so instead of giving you a gray window, you'll get a randomly chosen theme (and you'll get the name of this theme printed on the console). It's a great way to discover new color combinations via a mistake. --- # Recipe - Post your screen-shots (PLEASE!) This is an odd recipe, but it's an important one and has nothing to do with your coding PySimpleGUI code. Instead is has to do with modifying youre readme.md file on your GitHub so you can share with the world your creation. Doon't be shy. We all stated with "hello world" and your first GUI is likely to be primitive, but it's very important you post it any way. In case you've not noticed, you, the now fancy Python GUI programmer that you are, are a rare person in the Python world. The VAST majority of Python projects posted on GitHub do not contain a GUI. This GUI thing is kinda new and novel for Python pbeginning rogrammers. ## People / visitors **love pictures** They don't have to be what you consider to be "pretty pictures" or of a "compex GUI". GUIs from beginners should be shown as proudly developed creations you've completed or are in the process of completion. Your GitHub visitors may never have made a GUI and need to see a beginner GUI just as much as they need to see more complex GUIs. It gives them a target. It shows them someone they may be able to achieve. ## The GitHub Issue Technique This is one of the easiest / laziest / quickest ways of adding a screenshot to your Readme.md and this post on your project's main page. Here'show you do it: 1. Open a "Screenshots" Issue somehwere in GitHub. It sdoesn't matter which project you open it under. 2. Copy and paste your image into the Issue's comment section. OR Drag and drop your image info the comment section. OR click the upload diaload box by clickin at the bottom on the words "Attach files by dragging & dropping, selecting or pasting them. 3. A line of code will be inserted when you add a the image to your GitHub Issue's comment. The line of code will resemble this: ``` ![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/76170712-d6633c00-615a-11ea-866a-11d0b94a1b64.png) ``` 4. Copy the line of code that is created in the comment. You can see this line when in the "Write" mode for the Issue.. If you want to see how it'll look, switch to the preview tab. 5. Paste the line of code from the Issue Comment into your readme.md file located in your mtop-level FirHub folder That's it. Note, if you simply copy the link to the image that's created, in your readme.md file you will see only the link. The image will not be embedded into the page, only the link will be shown The thing you paste into your readme needs to have this format, theat starts with `![filename]`. Pasting the above line directly into this Cookbook resulted in this Weahter Widget posted:: ![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/76170712-d6633c00-615a-11ea-866a-11d0b94a1b64.png) ## The Image Hosted Elsehwere Technique The same technique is used as above, except in the line of code, you'll insert the URL of your image where every that may be inside the `( )` `![image](http://YourLinkToYourImage.jpg)` # Recipe - Theme Browser This Recipe is a "Theme Browser" that enables you to see the different color schemes. You're first shown this window that lists all of the available "Theme" settings. This window was created after the Theme were set to "Dark Brown". ![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/69106236-bee13580-0a3b-11ea-9eaa-f5f0282b1c63.png) If you click on an item in the list, you will immediately get a popup window that is created using the new Theme. ![SNAG-0549](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/68547123-a8880980-03ab-11ea-92f3-cb8d3136ae07.jpg) ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg """ Allows you to "browse" through the Theme settings. Click on one and you'll see a Popup window using the color scheme you chose. It's a simple little program that also demonstrates how snappy a GUI can feel if you enable an element's events rather than waiting on a button click. In this program, as soon as a listbox entry is clicked, the read returns. """ sg.theme('Dark Brown') layout = [[sg.Text('Theme Browser')], [sg.Text('Click a Theme color to see demo window')], [sg.Listbox(values=sg.theme_list(), size=(20, 12), key='-LIST-', enable_events=True)], [sg.Button('Exit')]] window = sg.Window('Theme Browser', layout) while True: # Event Loop event, values = window.read() if event in (sg.WIN_CLOSED, 'Exit'): break sg.theme(values['-LIST-'][0]) sg.popup_get_text('This is {}'.format(values['-LIST-'][0])) window.close() ``` ---- ## Making Changes to Themes & Adding Your Own Themes Modifying and creating your own theme is not difficult, but tricky so start with something and modify it carefully. The tkinter port has the theme_add_new function that will add a new dictionary entry into the table with the name you provide. It takes 2 parameters - the theme name and the dictionary entry. The manual way to add a dictionary entry is as follows.... The Theme definitions are stored in a dictionary. The underlying dictionary can be directly accessed via the variable `LOOK_AND_FEEL_TABLE`. A single entry in this dictionary has this format (copy this code): ```python 'LightGreen3': {'BACKGROUND': '#A8C1B4', 'TEXT': 'black', 'INPUT': '#DDE0DE', 'SCROLL': '#E3E3E3', 'TEXT_INPUT': 'black', 'BUTTON': ('white', '#6D9F85'), 'PROGRESS': DEFAULT_PROGRESS_BAR_COLOR, 'BORDER': 1, 'SLIDER_DEPTH': 0, 'PROGRESS_DEPTH': 0} ``` As you can see, a single entry in the Look and Feel dictionary is itself a dictionary. --- # Recipe - Modifying an existing Theme Let's say you like the `LightGreeen3` Theme, except you would like for the buttons to have black text instead of white. You can change this by modifying the theme at runtime. Normal use of `theme` calls is to retrieve a theme's setting such as the background color. The functions used to retrieve a theme setting can also be used to modify the setting by passing in the new setting as a parameter. Calling `theme_background_color()` returns the background color currently in use. Passing in the color `'blue'` as the parameter, `theme_background_color('blue')`, will change the background color for future windows you create to blue. ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg sg.theme('LightGreen3') sg.popup_no_wait('This is the standard LightGreen3 Theme', 'It has white button text') # Modify the theme sg.theme_button(('black', '#6D9F85')) sg.popup('This is the modified LightGreen3 Theme', 'It has black button text') ``` Produces these 2 windows ![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/69111481-b3960600-0a4b-11ea-83dc-4833897e7250.png) ---- # Recipe - Adding Your Own Color Theme The great thing about these themes is that you set it onces and all future Elements will use the new settings. If you're adding the same colors in your element definitions over and over then perhaps making your own theme is in order. Let's say that you need to match a logo's green color and you've come up with matching other colors to go with it. To add the new theme to the standard themes this code will do it: ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg # Add your new theme colors and settings sg.LOOK_AND_FEEL_TABLE['MyNewTheme'] = {'BACKGROUND': '#709053', 'TEXT': '#fff4c9', 'INPUT': '#c7e78b', 'TEXT_INPUT': '#000000', 'SCROLL': '#c7e78b', 'BUTTON': ('white', '#709053'), 'PROGRESS': ('#01826B', '#D0D0D0'), 'BORDER': 1, 'SLIDER_DEPTH': 0, 'PROGRESS_DEPTH': 0, } # Switch to use your newly created theme sg.theme('MyNewTheme') # Call a popup to show what the theme looks like sg.popup_get_text('This how the MyNewTheme custom theme looks') ``` ![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/69112494-5f405580-0a4e-11ea-9f20-1ea4e93f89bd.png) ---- ## More Ways to "Dress Up Your Windows" In addition to color there are a several of other ways to potentially make your window more attractive. A few easy ones include: * Remove the titlebar * Make your window semi-transparent (change opacity) * Replace normal buttons with graphics You can use a combination of these 3 settings to create windows that look like Rainmeter style desktop-widgets. This window demonstrates these settings. As you can see, there is text showing through the background of the window. This is because the "Alpha Channel" was set to a semi-transparent setting. There is no titlebar going across the window and there is a little red X in the upper corner, resumably to close the window. ![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/68679617-35f36700-052e-11ea-93b3-4f8507e3f4ee.png) # Recipe Removing the Titlebar & Making Semi-Transparent Both of these can be set when you create your window. These 2 parameters are all you need - `no_titlebar` and `alpha_channel`. When creating a window without a titlebar you create a problem where the user is unable to move your window as they have no titlebar to grab and drag. Another parameter to the window creation will fix this problem - `grab_anywhere`. When `True`, this parameter allows the user to move the window by clicking anywhere within the window and dragging it, just as if they clicked the titlebar. Some PySimpleGUI ports allow you to click on input fields and drag, others require you to grab a spot on the background of the window. Note - you do not have to remove the titlebar in order to use `grab_anywhere` To make your window semi-transpaerent (change the opacity) use ghe `alhpa_channel` parameter when you create the window. The setting is a float with valid values from 0 to 1. To create a window like the one above, your window creation call would look something like: ```python window = sg.Window('PSG System Dashboard', layout, no_titlebar=True, alpha_channel=.5, grab_anywhere=True) ``` # Recipe - Replacing a Button with a Graphic In PySimpleGUI you can use PNG and GIF image files as buttons. You can also encode those files into Base64 strings and put them directly into your code. It's a 4 step process to make a button using a graphic 1. Find your PNG or GIF graphic 2. Convert your graphic into a Base64 byte string 3. Add Base64 string to your code as a variable 4. Specify the Base64 string as the image to use when creating your button #### Step 1 - Find your graphic There are a LOT of places for you to find your graphics. [This page](https://savedelete.com/design/best-free-icon-search-engines/9644/#.UINbScWWvh4) lists a number of ways to search for what you need. Bing also has a great image search tool that you can filter your results on to get a list of PNG files (choose "Transparent" using their "filter" on the page.) Here's the [search results](https://www.bing.com/images/search?sp=-1&pq=red+x+i&sc=8-7&sk=&cvid=CAF7086A80704229B299A829D60F330E&q=red+x+icon&qft=+filterui:photo-transparent&FORM=IRFLTR) for "red x icon" using Bing with a filter. I chose this one from the list: http://icons.iconarchive.com/icons/iconarchive/red-orb-alphabet/256/Letter-X-icon.png You can download your image or get a copy of the link to it. #### Step 2 - Convert to Base64 One of the demo programs provided on the PySimpleGUI GitHub is called "Demo_Base64_Image_Encoder.py". This program will convert all of the images in a folder and write the encoded data to a file named `output.py`. Another demo program, "Demo_Base64_Single_Image_Encoder.py" will convert the input file to a base64 string and place the string onto the clipboard. Paste the result into your code and assign it to a variable. You can also use an online conversion tool such as https://base64.guru/converter/encode/image On that page I chose to use the "Remote URL" (see above), pasted it into the input box and clicked "Encode image to Base64". Under the encode button is an area labeled "Base64". If your conversion was successful, you'll see it filled with data like shown here: ![SNAG-0551](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/68682006-6ccb7c00-0532-11ea-8053-4513e32b2017.jpg) #### Step 3 - Make Base64 String Variable Select all of the data in the Base64 box and paste into your code by making a variable that is equal to a byte-string. ```python red_x_base64 = b'' ``` Paste the long data you got from the webpage inside the quotes after the `b`. You can also copy and paste the byte string from the `output.py` file if you used the demo program or paste the string created using the single file encoder demo program. #### Step 4 - Use Base64 Variable to Make Your Button This is the Button Element that is added to the layout to create the Red X Button graphic. You need to set the background color for your button to be the same as the background the button is being placed on if you want it to appear invisible. ```python sg.Button('', image_data=red_x_base64, button_color=(sg.theme_background_color(),sg.theme_background_color()), border_width=0, key='Exit') ``` This is the window the code below creates using a button graphic. ![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/75083869-1f27bd80-54ea-11ea-9dcd-ca3f9ec76a12.png) You can [run similar code online on Trinket](https://pysimplegui.trinket.io/demo-programs#/window-colors-and-graphics/base64-button-graphics) ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg # Note that the base64 string is quite long. You can get the code from Trinket that includes the button red_x_base64 = b'paste the base64 encoded string here' red_x_base64 = sg.red_x # Using this built-in little red X for this demo layout = [ [sg.Text('My borderless window with a button graphic')], [sg.Button('', image_data=red_x_base64, button_color=(sg.theme_background_color(),sg.theme_background_color()),border_width=0, key='Exit')] ] window = sg.Window('Window Title', layout, no_titlebar=True) while True: # Event Loop event, values = window.read() print(event, values) if event in (sg.WIN_CLOSED, 'Exit'): break window.close() ``` When working with PNG/GIF files as button images the background you choose for the button matters. It should match the background of whatever it is being placed upon. If you are using the standard "themes" interfaces to build your windows, then the color of the background can be found by calling `theme_background_color()`. Buttons have 2 colors so be sure and pass in TWO color values when specifying buttons (text color, background color). ---- # Recipe - 1 Shot Window - Simple Data Entry - Return Values - Auto Numbered Remember how keys are **key** to understanding PySimpleGUI elements? Well, they are, so now you know. If you do not specify a key and the element is an input element, a key will be provided for you in the form of an integer, starting numbering with zero. If you don't specify any keys, it will appear as if the values returned to you are being returned as a list because the keys are sequential ints. This example has no keys specified. The 3 input fields will have keys 0, 1, 2. Your first input element will be accessed as `values[0]`, just like a list would look. ![SNAG-0550](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/68547201-cace5700-03ac-11ea-81d6-cb171629e81b.jpg) ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg sg.theme('Topanga') # Add some color to the window # Very basic window. Return values using auto numbered keys layout = [ [sg.Text('Please enter your Name, Address, Phone')], [sg.Text('Name', size=(15, 1)), sg.InputText()], [sg.Text('Address', size=(15, 1)), sg.InputText()], [sg.Text('Phone', size=(15, 1)), sg.InputText()], [sg.Submit(), sg.Cancel()] ] window = sg.Window('Simple data entry window', layout) event, values = window.read() window.close() print(event, values[0], values[1], values[2]) # the input data looks like a simple list when auto numbered ``` -------------------------- # Recipe - Add GUI to Front-End of Script ![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/75084200-83e41780-54ec-11ea-9dc1-b38d382d5f50.png) Quickly add a GUI allowing the user to browse for a filename if a filename is not supplied on the command line using this simple GUI. It's the best of both worlds. If you want command line, you can use it. If you don't specify, then the GUI will fire up. ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg import sys if len(sys.argv) == 1: event, values = sg.Window('My Script', [[sg.Text('Document to open')], [sg.In(), sg.FileBrowse()], [sg.Open(), sg.Cancel()]]).read(close=True) fname = values[0] else: fname = sys.argv[1] if not fname: sg.popup("Cancel", "No filename supplied") raise SystemExit("Cancelling: no filename supplied") else: sg.popup('The filename you chose was', fname) ``` If you really want to compress your 1-line of GUI code, you can directly access just the entered data by using this single-line-of-code solution. Dunno if it's the safest way to go, but it's certainly the most compact. Single line GUIs are fun when you can get away with them. ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg import sys if len(sys.argv) == 1: fname = sg.Window('My Script', [[sg.Text('Document to open')], [sg.In(), sg.FileBrowse()], [sg.Open(), sg.Cancel()]]).read(close=True)[1][0] else: fname = sys.argv[1] if not fname: sg.popup("Cancel", "No filename supplied") raise SystemExit("Cancelling: no filename supplied") else: sg.popup('The filename you chose was', fname) ``` --- # Recipe - The `popup_get_file` Version of Add GUI to Front-End of Script Why recreate the wheel? There's a `Popup` function that will get a Filename for you. This is a single-line GUI: ```python fname = sg.popup_get_file('Document to open') ``` Shows this window and returns the results from the user interaction with it. ![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/75084218-a9712100-54ec-11ea-843c-985087995f61.png) The entire Popup based solution for this get filename example is: ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg import sys if len(sys.argv) == 1: fname = sg.popup_get_file('Document to open') else: fname = sys.argv[1] if not fname: sg.popup("Cancel", "No filename supplied") raise SystemExit("Cancelling: no filename supplied") else: sg.popup('The filename you chose was', fname) ``` How about a GUI **_and_** traditional CLI argument in 1 line of code? ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg import sys fname = sys.argv[1] if len(sys.argv) > 1 else sg.popup_get_file('Document to open') if not fname: sg.popup("Cancel", "No filename supplied") raise SystemExit("Cancelling: no filename supplied") else: sg.popup('The filename you chose was', fname) ``` ------- # Recipe - Function and Aliases This is related to the topic of "User Defined Elements" if you care to go look it up. If you're using PyCharm, this technique works particuarly well because the DocStrings continue to work even after you have created aliases. Aliases are used a LOT in PySimpleGUI. You'll find that nearly all of the Elements have multiple names that can be used for them. Text Elements can be specified as `Text`, `Txt`, and `T`. This allows you to write really compact code. You can make your own aliases too. The advantage of you making your own is that they will be in your own name space and thus will not have the typical `sg.` in front of them. Let's use the `cprint` function as an example. Normally you'll call this function like this: ```python sg.cprint('This is my white text on a red background', colors='white on red') ``` If you have a lot of these in your program, it won't get too long until you're tired of typing `sg.cprint`, so, why not make it super easy on yourself and type `cp` instead. Here's all you have to do. ```python cp = sg.cprint cp('This is my white text on a red background', colors='white on red') ``` Running these 2 calls produced these 2 lines of text in a Multiline element ![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/87994615-6d51e480-cabb-11ea-9a38-cf9badb77dc4.png) IF you're using PyCharm and press Control+Q with your cursor over the `cp`, you'll see the documentation brought up for the `cprint` call: ![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/87994828-e9e4c300-cabb-11ea-96e5-9c4e55076a20.png) Feel free to experiment. Even renaming elements will save you the hassle of typing in the `sg.` portion. Then again, so will importing the invdividual elements. ```python # this import will allow you to type just "Text" to use a Text Element from PySimpleGUI import Text layout = [[Text('Simpler looking layout')]] ``` ------------- # Recipe - Highly Responsive Inputs Sometimes it's desireable to begin processing input information when a user makes a selection rather than requiring the user to click an OK button. Let's say you've got a listbox of entries and a user can select an item from it. ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg choices = ('Red', 'Green', 'Blue', 'Yellow', 'Orange', 'Purple', 'Chartreuse') layout = [ [sg.Text('What is your favorite color?')], [sg.Listbox(choices, size=(15, len(choices)), key='-COLOR-')], [sg.Button('Ok')] ] window = sg.Window('Pick a color', layout) while True: # the event loop event, values = window.read() if event == sg.WIN_CLOSED: break if event == 'Ok': if values['-COLOR-']: # if something is highlighted in the list sg.popup(f"Your favorite color is {values['-COLOR-'][0]}") window.close() ``` ![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/78260531-10123300-74cc-11ea-9050-83cbdd0dc978.png) When you choose a color and click OK, a popup like this one is shown: ![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/78260638-2d470180-74cc-11ea-949a-eca2eb7f2f5d.png) ## Use `enable_events` to instantly get events That was simple enough. But maybe you're impatient and don't want to have to cick "Ok". Maybe you don't want an OK button at all. If that's you, then you'll like the `enable_events` parameter that is available for nearly all elements. Setting `enable_events` means that like button presses, when that element is interacted with (e.g. clicked on, a character entered into) then an event is immediately generated causing your `window.read()` call to return. If the previous example were changed such that the OK button is removed and the `enable_events` parameter is added, then the code and window appear like this: ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg choices = ('Red', 'Green', 'Blue', 'Yellow', 'Orange', 'Purple', 'Chartreuse') layout = [ [sg.Text('What is your favorite color?')], [sg.Listbox(choices, size=(15, len(choices)), key='-COLOR-', enable_events=True)] ] window = sg.Window('Pick a color', layout) while True: # the event loop event, values = window.read() if event == sg.WIN_CLOSED: break if values['-COLOR-']: # if something is highlighted in the list sg.popup(f"Your favorite color is {values['-COLOR-'][0]}") window.close() ``` ![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/78261430-38e6f800-74cd-11ea-8789-dd82919d20fb.png) You won't need to click the OK button anymore because as soon as you make the selection in the listbox the `read()` call returns and the popup will be displayed as before. This second example code could be used with the OK button. It doesn't matter what event caused the `window.read()` to return. The important thing is whether or not a valid selection was made. The check for `event == 'Ok'` is actually not needed. ------ # Recipe - Input Validation Sometimes you want to restrict what a use can input into a field. Maybe you have a zipcode field and want to make sure only numbers are entered and it's no longer than 5 digits. Perhaps you need a floating point number and only want to allow `0`-`9`, `.`, and `-`. One way restrict the user's input to only those characters is to get an event any time the user inputs a character and if the character isn't a valid one, remove it. You've already seen (above) that to get an event immediate when an element is interacted with in some way you set the `enable_events` parameter. ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg """ Restrict the characters allowed in an input element to digits and . or - Accomplished by removing last character input if not a valid character """ layout = [ [sg.Text('Input only floating point numbers')], [sg.Input(key='-IN-', enable_events=True)], [sg.Button('Exit')] ] window = sg.Window('Floating point input validation', layout) while True: event, values = window.read() if event in (sg.WIN_CLOSED, 'Exit'): break # if last character in input element is invalid, remove it if event == '-IN-' and values['-IN-'] and values['-IN-'][-1] not in ('0123456789.-'): window['-IN-'].update(values['-IN-'][:-1]) window.close() ``` This code only allows entry of the correct characters. Note that this example does not fully validate that the entry is a valid floating point number, but rather that it has the correct characters. If you wanted to take it a step further and verify that the entry is actually a valid floating point number, then you can change the "if" statement to test for valid floating point number. ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg """ Restrict the characters allowed in an input element to digits and . or - Accomplished by removing last character input if not a valid character """ layout = [ [sg.Text('Input only floating point numbers')], [sg.Input(key='-IN-', enable_events=True)], [sg.Button('Exit')] ] window = sg.Window('Floating point input validation', layout) while True: event, values = window.read() if event in (sg.WIN_CLOSED, 'Exit'): break # if last character in input element is invalid, remove it if event == '-IN-' and values['-IN-']: try: in_as_float = float(values['-IN-']) except: if len(values['-IN-']) == 1 and values['-IN-'][0] == '-': continue window['-IN-'].update(values['-IN-'][:-1]) window.close() ``` -------- # Recipe - Positioning Windows on a Multi-Monitor Setup (tkinter version of PySimpleGUI only) On the Windows operating system, it's possible to create your window on monitors other than your primary display. Think of your primary display as a single quadrant in a larger space of display area. The upper left corner of your primary display is (0,0). If you wish to locate / create a window on the monitor to the LEFT of your primary monitor, then set the X value to a **negative** value. This causes the window to be created on the monitor to the left. If you set your X value to be larger than the width of your primary monitor, then you window will be created on the monitor that is located to the RIGHT of your primary monitor.] I don't know if this technique works on Linux, but it's working great on Windows. This technique has been tried on a 4-monitor setup and it worked as you would expect. To use this feature, rather than using the default window location of "centered on your primary screen", set the `location` parameter in your `Window` creation to be the location you wish the window to be created. Setting the parameter `location=(-500,330)` in my `Window` call, set the location of the window on my left hand monitor. Experimenting is the best way to get a handle on how your system responds. It would be great to know if this works on Linux and the Mac. --------- # Recipe - Printing Outputting text is a very common operation in programming. Your first Python program may have been ```python print('Hello World') ``` But in the world of GUIs where do "prints" fit in? Well, lots of places! Of course you can still use the normal `print` statement. It will output to StdOut (standard out) which is normally the shell where the program was launched from. Prining to the console becomes a problem however when you launch using `pythonw` on Windows or if you launch your program in some other way that doesn't have a console. With PySimpleGUI you have many options available to you so fear not. These Recipes explore how to retain *prints already in your code*. Let's say your code was written for a console and you want to migrate over to a GUI. Maybe there are so many print statements that you don't want to modify every one of them individually. There are **at least 3 ways** to transform your `print` statements that we'll explore here 1. The Debug window 2. The Output Element 3. The Multiline Element The various forms of "print" you'll be introduced to all support the `sep` and `end` parameters that you find on normal print statements. ## Recipe Printing - #1/4 Printing to Debug Window The debug window acts like a virtual console. There are 2 operating modes for the debug window. One re-routes stdout to the window, the other does not. ### `Print` - Print to the Debug Window The functions `Print`, `eprint`, `EasyPrint` all refer to the same funtion. There is no difference whic hyou use as they point to identical code. The one you'll see used in Demo Programs is `Print`. One method for routing your print statements to the debuyg window is to reassign the `print` keyword to be the PySimpleGUI function `Print`. This can be done through simple assignment. `print = sg.Print` You can also remap stdout to the debug window by calling `Print` with the parameter `do_not_reroute_stdout = False`. This will reroute all of your print statements out to the debug window. ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg sg.Print('Re-routing the stdout', do_not_reroute_stdout=False) print('This is a normal print that has been re-routed.') ``` ![SNAG-0744](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/78322296-4f786800-753c-11ea-94eb-6321bc046e28.jpg) While both `print` and `sg.Print` will output text to your Debug Window. ***Printing in color is only operational if you do not reroute stdout to the debug window.*** If color printing is important, then don't reroute your stdout to the debug window. Only use calls to `Print` without any change to the stdout settings and you'll be able to print in color. ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg sg.Print('This text is white on a green background', text_color='white', background_color='green', font='Courier 10') sg.Print('The first call sets some window settings like font that cannot be changed') sg.Print('This is plain text just like a print would display') sg.Print('White on Red', background_color='red', text_color='white') sg.Print('The other print', 'parms work', 'such as sep', sep=',') sg.Print('To not extend a colored line use the "end" parm', background_color='blue', text_color='white', end='') sg.Print('\nThis line has no color.') ``` ![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/78385546-03640c80-75aa-11ea-8051-75285a1c1348.png) -------- ## Recipe Printing - #2/4 Print to `Output` Element If you want to re-route your standard out to your window, then placing an `Output` Element in your layout will do just that. When you call "print", your text will be routed to that `Output` Element. Note you can only have 1 of these in your layout because there's only 1 stdout. Of all of the "print" techniques, this is the best to use if you cannot change your print statements. The `Output` element is the best choice if your prints are in another module that you don't have control over such that "redefining / reassigning" what `print` does isn't a possibility. This layout with an `Output` element shows the results of a few clicks of the Go Button. ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg layout = [ [sg.Text('What you print will display below:')], [sg.Output(size=(50,10), key='-OUTPUT-')], [sg.In(key='-IN-')], [sg.Button('Go'), sg.Button('Clear'), sg.Button('Exit')] ] window = sg.Window('Window Title', layout) while True: # Event Loop event, values = window.read() print(event, values) if event in (sg.WIN_CLOSED, 'Exit'): break if event == 'Clear': window['-OUTPUT-'].update('') window.close() ``` ![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/78387450-5ab7ac00-75ad-11ea-8a29-321a30db0248.png) ----------------- ## Recipe Printing - #3/4 Print to `Multiline` Element Beginning in 4.18.0 you can "print" to any `Multiline` Element in your layouts. The `Multiline.print` method acts similar to the `Print` function described earlier. It has the normal print parameters `sep` & `end` and also has color options. It's like a super-charged `print` statement. "Converting" exprint print statements to output to a `Multiline` Element can be done by either * Adding the `Multiline` element to the `print` statment so that it's calling the `Multiline.print` method * Redefining `print` Added in version 4.25.0 was the ability to re-route stdout and stderr directly to any `Multiline` element. This is done using parameteres when you create the multiline or you can call class methods to do the rerouting operation after the element is created. Since you may not be able to always have access to the window when printing, especially in code that it not your own code, another parameter was added `auto_refresh`. If set to True then the window will automatically refresh every time an update is made to that Multiline element. ### 3A Appending Element to `print` Statement to print to Multiline Let's try the first option, adding the element onto the front of an existing `print` statement as well as using the color parameters. The most basic form of converting your exiting `print` into a `Multline` based `print` is to add the same element-lookup code that you would use when calling an element's `update` method. Generically, that conversion looks like this: ```python print('Testing 1 2 3') ``` If our Multiline's key is '-ML-' then the expression to look the element up is: ```python window['-ML-'] ``` Combing the two transforms the original print to a `Multline` element print: ```python window['-ML-'].print('Testing 1 2 3') ``` Because we're using these `Multilne` elements as output only elements, we don't want to have their contents returned in the values dictionary when we call `window.read()`. To make any element not be included in the values dictionary, add the constant `WRITE_ONLY_KEY` onto the end of your key. This would change our previous example to: ```python window['-ML-'+sg.WRITE_ONLY_KEY].print('Testing 1 2 3') ``` When you define the multiline element in your layout, its key will need to have this suffix added too. Combining all of this information into a full-program we arrive at this Recipe: ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg layout = [ [sg.Text('Demonstration of Multiline Element Printing')], [sg.MLine(key='-ML1-'+sg.WRITE_ONLY_KEY, size=(40,8))], [sg.MLine(key='-ML2-'+sg.WRITE_ONLY_KEY, size=(40,8))], [sg.Button('Go'), sg.Button('Exit')]] window = sg.Window('Window Title', layout, finalize=True) # Note, need to finalize the window above if want to do these prior to calling window.read() window['-ML1-'+sg.WRITE_ONLY_KEY].print(1,2,3,4,end='', text_color='red', background_color='yellow') window['-ML1-'+sg.WRITE_ONLY_KEY].print('\n', end='') window['-ML1-'+sg.WRITE_ONLY_KEY].print(1,2,3,4,text_color='white', background_color='green') counter = 0 while True: # Event Loop event, values = window.read(timeout=100) if event in (sg.WIN_CLOSED, 'Exit'): break if event == 'Go': window['-ML1-'+sg.WRITE_ONLY_KEY].print(event, values, text_color='red') window['-ML2-'+sg.WRITE_ONLY_KEY].print(counter) counter += 1 window.close() ``` It produces this window: ![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/78400036-fbb16180-75c3-11ea-8261-f8b80a38d2e4.png) There are a number of tricks and techniques burried in this Recpie so study it closely as there are a lot of options being used. ### 3B Redefining `print` to Print to `Multiline` If you want to use the `Multline` element as the destination for your print, but you don't want to go through your code and modify every print statement by adding an element lookup, then you can simply redefine your call to `print` to either be a function that adds that multline element onto the print for you or a lambda expression if you want to make it a single line of code. Yes, it's not suggested to use a lambda expression by assignment to a vairable, but sometimes it may be easier to understand. Find the right balanace for you and ryour projct. If you were to use a funciton, then your code my look like this: ```python def mprint(*args, **kwargs): window['-ML1-' + sg.WRITE_ONLY_KEY].print(*args, **kwargs) print = mprint ``` A named lambda expression would perhaps resemeble this: ```python print = lambda *args, **kwargs: window['-ML1-' + sg.WRITE_ONLY_KEY].print(*args, **kwargs) ``` Putting it all together into a single block of code for you to copy and run results in ```python def mprint(*args, **kwargs): window['-ML1-'+sg.WRITE_ONLY_KEY].print(*args, **kwargs) print = mprint # Optionally could use this lambda instead of the mprint function # print = lambda *args, **kwargs: window['-ML1-' + sg.WRITE_ONLY_KEY].print(*args, **kwargs) layout = [ [sg.Text('Demonstration of Multiline Element Printing')], [sg.MLine(key='-ML1-'+sg.WRITE_ONLY_KEY, size=(40,8))], [sg.MLine(key='-ML2-'+sg.WRITE_ONLY_KEY, size=(40,8))], [sg.Button('Go'), sg.Button('Exit')]] window = sg.Window('Window Title', layout, finalize=True) print(1,2,3,4,end='', text_color='red', background_color='yellow') print('\n', end='') print(1,2,3,4,text_color='white', background_color='green') counter = 0 # Switch to printing to second multiline print = lambda *args, **kwargs: window['-ML2-' + sg.WRITE_ONLY_KEY].print(*args, **kwargs) while True: # Event Loop event, values = window.read(timeout=100) if event in (sg.WIN_CLOSED, 'Exit'): break if event == 'Go': print(event, values, text_color='red') print(counter) counter += 1 window.close() ``` ### Recipe 3C - Rerouting stdout and stderr directly to a Multiline This was made available to the tkinter port in version 4.25.0. The eaiest way to make this happen is using parmaters when creating the `Multline` Element * reroute_stdout * reroute_stderr If you wish to reroute stdout / stderr after you've already created (and finalized) the Multline, then you can call `reroute_stdout_to_here` to reroute stdeout and `reroute_stderr_to_here` to reroute stderr. To restore the old values back, be sure and call `restore_stdout` and `restore_stderr` This has a risky component to this. #### Warning Regarding Threading and Printing If programs outside of your control are running threads and they happen to call print, then the stdout will be routed to the window. This MAY cause tkinter to crash. Your thread, by calling print, will trigger code inside of PySimpleGUI itself to be executed. This code can be significant if the stdout has been re-rerouted to a multiline element that has auto-refresh turned on for example. It is unclean how many operations or queued or if the calls from the threads will directly impact tkinter. **The point here it to simple be on the looking for the dreaded "tkinter not in the mainloop" error** ## Recipe Printing - #4A/4 using `cprint` function (color printing) to print to Multiline This method was added to PySimpleGUI tkinter port in June 2020 and needs to be ported to the other ports still. The idea is have a function, `cprint` that looks and acts like a normal print.... except, you can "route" it to any multiline element. There are 2 ways to do routing. 1. Call `cprint_set_output_destination(window, multiline_key)` to tell PySimpleGUI where the output should go 2. Indicate the output location directly in the `cprint` call itself #### Color The color portion of the cprint call is achieved through additional parameters that are not normally present on a call to print. This means that if you use these color parameters, you cannot simply rename your `cprint` calls to be `print` calls. Of course you can safely go the other direction, renaming your `print` calls to call `cprint`. ## The Aliasing Shortcut Trick While covered in "cprint", this trick can save you MASSIVE amount of typing. It works well in PyCharm too. Would I do this in a huge production code base. No, but I'm wring a little 100 line packet of fun. IF you're tire of writine `sg.xxxxx` as much as I am, then maybe you'll like this hack too. Through simple assignment, you can rename PySimpleGUI functions. You add them to your local name space so you no longer need the `sgl.` part. For example. I'm tired of writing `sg.cprint`. I can fix this by adding a line of code to make an alias and then using the aliase insteast. I could even make it super short. ```python cp = sg.cprint ``` Now all I call is `cp('This is what I want to print')` The cool thing about PyCharm is that it knows these are the same and so the DOCSTRINGS work with them!! Yes, you can rename the entire Elements ane still get all the documentation as you type it in. So that you don't have to type: `sg.cprint` every time you want to print, you can add this statement to the top of your code: `cprint = sg.cprint` Now you can simply call `cprint` directly. You will still get the docstrings if you're running PyCharm so you're not losing anything there. ### Recipe 4A This Recipe shows many of the concepts and parameters. There is also one located in the Demo Programs area on GitHub (http://Demos.PySimpleGUI.org). ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg """ Demo - cprint usage "Print" to any Multiline Element in any of your windows. cprint in a really handy way to "print" to any multiline element in any one of your windows. There is an initial call - cprint_set_output_destination, where you set the output window and the key for the Multiline Element. There are FOUR different ways to indicate the color, from verbose to the most minimal are: 1. Specify text_color and background_color in the cprint call 2. Specify t, b paramters when calling cprint 3. Specify c/colors parameter a tuple with (text color, background color) 4. Specify c/colors parameter as a string "text on background" e.g. "white on red" Copyright 2020 PySimpleGUI.org """ def main(): cprint = sg.cprint MLINE_KEY = '-ML-'+sg.WRITE_ONLY_KEY # multiline element's key. Indicate it's an output only element MLINE_KEY2 = '-ML2-'+sg.WRITE_ONLY_KEY # multiline element's key. Indicate it's an output only element output_key = MLINE_KEY layout = [ [sg.Text('Multiline Color Print Demo', font='Any 18')], [sg.Multiline('Multiline\n', size=(80,20), key=MLINE_KEY)], [sg.Multiline('Multiline2\n', size=(80,20), key=MLINE_KEY2)], [sg.Text('Text color:'), sg.Input(size=(12,1), key='-TEXT COLOR-'), sg.Text('on Background color:'), sg.Input(size=(12,1), key='-BG COLOR-')], [sg.Input('Type text to output here', size=(80,1), key='-IN-')], [sg.Button('Print', bind_return_key=True), sg.Button('Print short'), sg.Button('Force 1'), sg.Button('Force 2'), sg.Button('Use Input for colors'), sg.Button('Toggle Output Location'), sg.Button('Exit')] ] window = sg.Window('Window Title', layout) sg.cprint_set_output_destination(window, output_key) while True: # Event Loop event, values = window.read() if event == sg.WIN_CLOSED or event == 'Exit': break if event == 'Print': cprint(values['-IN-'], text_color=values['-TEXT COLOR-'], background_color=values['-BG COLOR-']) elif event == 'Print short': cprint(values['-IN-'], c=(values['-TEXT COLOR-'], values['-BG COLOR-'])) elif event.startswith('Use Input'): cprint(values['-IN-'], colors=values['-IN-']) elif event.startswith('Toggle'): output_key = MLINE_KEY if output_key == MLINE_KEY2 else MLINE_KEY2 sg.cprint_set_output_destination(window, output_key) cprint('Switched to this output element', c='white on red') elif event == 'Force 1': cprint(values['-IN-'], c=(values['-TEXT COLOR-'], values['-BG COLOR-']), key=MLINE_KEY) elif event == 'Force 2': cprint(values['-IN-'], c=(values['-TEXT COLOR-'], values['-BG COLOR-']), key=MLINE_KEY2) window.close() if __name__ == '__main__': main() ``` ## Recipe Printing - #4B/4 using `cprint` with Multiline Parameters (PySimpleGUI version 4.25.0+) Beginning in verison 4.25.0 of the tkinter port you'll find new parameters for the Multline Element that makes the job of re-routihn your output much easier. Rather than calling the `cprint_set_output_destination` function, you will use the `Multline` element's initial parameters to both setup the routing of the print output, but also mark the element as being a write-only element. You can set the parameter `write_only` to True in order to make this a write-only Multiline. The new parameters you'll be interested in are: * write_only * auto_refresh * reroute_cprint This will cut out the call previously required to set up the routing. You will be setting up the routing through the Multiline creation ifself. You will continue to be able to manually route stdout and stderr to the Multline uning the `reroute_stdout_to_here` call. Sorry about the wordiness of the call, but you're probably only going to have one in your code. So it didn't seem so bad to have something descriptive enough that you won't need a comment. ### Automatic Refresh The mutliline element has an option for auto-refreshing after an update. The Output element automatically refreshes after each write. Hopefully this will not slow things down considerably. Here is the code for 4B ```python import threading import time import PySimpleGUI as sg """ Threaded Demo - Uses Window.write_event_value communications Requires PySimpleGUI.py version 4.25.0 and later This is a really important demo to understand if you're going to be using multithreading in PySimpleGUI. Older mechanisms for multi-threading in PySimpleGUI relied on polling of a queue. The management of a communications queue is now performed internally to PySimpleGUI. The importance of using the new window.write_event_value call cannot be emphasized enough. It will hav a HUGE impact, in a positive way, on your code to move to this mechanism as your code will simply "pend" waiting for an event rather than polling. Copyright 2020 PySimpleGUI.org """ THREAD_EVENT = '-THREAD-' cp = sg.cprint def the_thread(window): """ The thread that communicates with the application through the window's events. Once a second wakes and sends a new event and associated value to the window """ i = 0 while True: time.sleep(1) window.write_event_value('-THREAD-', (threading.current_thread().name, i)) # Data sent is a tuple of thread name and counter cp('This is cheating from the thread', c='white on green') i += 1 def main(): """ The demo will display in the multiline info about the event and values dictionary as it is being returned from window.read() Every time "Start" is clicked a new thread is started Try clicking "Dummy" to see that the window is active while the thread stuff is happening in the background """ layout = [ [sg.Text('Output Area - cprint\'s route to here', font='Any 15')], [sg.Multiline(size=(65,20), key='-ML-', autoscroll=True, reroute_stdout=True, write_only=True, reroute_cprint=True)], [sg.T('Input so you can see data in your dictionary')], [sg.Input(key='-IN-', size=(30,1))], [sg.B('Start A Thread'), sg.B('Dummy'), sg.Button('Exit')] ] window = sg.Window('Window Title', layout) while True: # Event Loop event, values = window.read() cp(event, values) if event == sg.WIN_CLOSED or event == 'Exit': break if event.startswith('Start'): threading.Thread(target=the_thread, args=(window,), daemon=True).start() if event == THREAD_EVENT: cp(f'Data from the thread ', colors='white on purple', end='') cp(f'{values[THREAD_EVENT]}', colors='white on red') window.close() if __name__ == '__main__': main() ``` -------------- # Recipe - Save and Load Program Settings Some programs, in particular Desktop Widget like Rainmeter-style prorams, need to retain "state" or some series of settings. This program is a tad large for a Cookbook, but it's a commmon enough feature to go ahead and include. Besides, it may give you some ideas. The idea here is that your program's settings are stored in a dictionary. This dictionary is then written to disk and loaded from disk. One type of program where this kind of feature is a requirement is when yuou make "rainmeter" tyle Desktop Widgets. These little programs almost always need to store some kind of state.... everything from the transprency of the widget to the zip code your program uses to look up the weather. The architecture is quite simple. You keep your settings ina dictionary. Your GUI settings window modifies the dictionary and eventually it's written to disk so that the next time you run the probgram you don't have to set up everyihng that's been saved previously. The package used to save / load that data is the JSON package. It makes writing and reading Python dictionaries downright trivial. I use it as a simplified database. You can also hand edit these files easily. The portions of this Recipe you'll need to modify to integrate into your code will be: * the default settings at the top * the mapping table to/from settings keys to element keys * the settings filename * the settings window * replace the "main" program with yours The simple main program is there to trigger the change settings event: ![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/78509070-61832200-7759-11ea-9b3e-a36a3faadbcb.png) The more important window in this program is the settings window ![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/78509043-34367400-7759-11ea-99fa-a7b66a58ef8f.png) You'll be converting back and forth between the settings file contents and the values that come out of reading the settings GUI window. Notice how creation of the window is done is a separate function in this Recipe so that you get a "fresh" layout every time the window is created. It's critical that you do not try to re-use elements. If you're considering allowing the user to change your program's theme, then this is an excellent way to do that. All that has to be done is to close your window when a new theme is chosen. ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg from json import (load as jsonload, dump as jsondump) from os import path """ A simple "settings" implementation. Load/Edit/Save settings for your programs Uses json file format which makes it trivial to integrate into a Python program. If you can put your data into a dictionary, you can save it as a settings file. Note that it attempts to use a lookup dictionary to convert from the settings file to keys used in your settings window. Some element's "update" methods may not work correctly for some elements. Copyright 2020 PySimpleGUI.com Licensed under LGPL-3 """ SETTINGS_FILE = path.join(path.dirname(__file__), r'settings_file.cfg') DEFAULT_SETTINGS = {'max_users': 10, 'user_data_folder': None , 'theme': sg.theme(), 'zipcode' : '94102'} # "Map" from the settings dictionary keys to the window's element keys SETTINGS_KEYS_TO_ELEMENT_KEYS = {'max_users': '-MAX USERS-', 'user_data_folder': '-USER FOLDER-' , 'theme': '-THEME-', 'zipcode' : '-ZIPCODE-'} ##################### Load/Save Settings File ##################### def load_settings(settings_file, default_settings): try: with open(settings_file, 'r') as f: settings = jsonload(f) except Exception as e: sg.popup_quick_message(f'exception {e}', 'No settings file found... will create one for you', keep_on_top=True, background_color='red', text_color='white') settings = default_settings save_settings(settings_file, settings, None) return settings def save_settings(settings_file, settings, values): if values: # if there are stuff specified by another window, fill in those values for key in SETTINGS_KEYS_TO_ELEMENT_KEYS: # update window with the values read from settings file try: settings[key] = values[SETTINGS_KEYS_TO_ELEMENT_KEYS[key]] except Exception as e: print(f'Problem updating settings from window values. Key = {key}') with open(settings_file, 'w') as f: jsondump(settings, f) sg.popup('Settings saved') ##################### Make a settings window ##################### def create_settings_window(settings): sg.theme(settings['theme']) def TextLabel(text): return sg.Text(text+':', justification='r', size=(15,1)) layout = [ [sg.Text('Settings', font='Any 15')], [TextLabel('Max Users'), sg.Input(key='-MAX USERS-')], [TextLabel('User Folder'),sg.Input(key='-USER FOLDER-'), sg.FolderBrowse(target='-USER FOLDER-')], [TextLabel('Zipcode'),sg.Input(key='-ZIPCODE-')], [TextLabel('Theme'),sg.Combo(sg.theme_list(), size=(20, 20), key='-THEME-')], [sg.Button('Save'), sg.Button('Exit')] ] window = sg.Window('Settings', layout, keep_on_top=True, finalize=True) for key in SETTINGS_KEYS_TO_ELEMENT_KEYS: # update window with the values read from settings file try: window[SETTINGS_KEYS_TO_ELEMENT_KEYS[key]].update(value=settings[key]) except Exception as e: print(f'Problem updating PySimpleGUI window from settings. Key = {key}') return window ##################### Main Program Window & Event Loop ##################### def create_main_window(settings): sg.theme(settings['theme']) layout = [[sg.T('This is my main application')], [sg.T('Add your primary window stuff in here')], [sg.B('Ok'), sg.B('Exit'), sg.B('Change Settings')]] return sg.Window('Main Application', layout) def main(): window, settings = None, load_settings(SETTINGS_FILE, DEFAULT_SETTINGS ) while True: # Event Loop if window is None: window = create_main_window(settings) event, values = window.read() if event in (sg.WIN_CLOSED, 'Exit'): break if event == 'Change Settings': event, values = create_settings_window(settings).read(close=True) if event == 'Save': window.close() window = None save_settings(SETTINGS_FILE, settings, values) window.close() main() ``` ---------- # Recipe - Get 2 Files By Browsing Sometimes you just need to get a couple of filenames. Browse to get 2 file names that can be then compared. By using `Input` elements the user can either use the Browse button to browse to select a file or they can paste the filename into the input element directly. ![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/69107788-9445ab80-0a40-11ea-87e2-3c5efe893ea0.png) ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg sg.theme('Light Blue 2') layout = [[sg.Text('Enter 2 files to comare')], [sg.Text('File 1', size=(8, 1)), sg.Input(), sg.FileBrowse()], [sg.Text('File 2', size=(8, 1)), sg.Input(), sg.FileBrowse()], [sg.Submit(), sg.Cancel()]] window = sg.Window('File Compare', layout) event, values = window.read() window.close() print(f'You clicked {event}') print(f'You chose filenames {values[0]} and {values[1]}') ``` This pattern is really good any time you've got a file or folder to get from the user. By pairing an `Input` element with a browse button, you give the user the ability to do a quick paste if they've already got the path on the clipboard or they can click "Browse" and browse to get the filename/foldername. ------- # Recipe - Get Filename With No Input Display. Returns when file selected ![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/75084589-11c10200-54ef-11ea-9096-58201dc3fb0f.png) There are times when you don't want to display the file that's chosen and you want the program to start when the user chooses a file. One way of doing this is to hide the input field that's filled in by the "Browse Button". By enabling events for the input field, you'll get an event when that field is filled in. ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg sg.theme('Dark Red') layout = [[sg.Text('Browse to a file')], [sg.Input(key='-FILE-', visible=False, enable_events=True), sg.FileBrowse()]] event, values = sg.Window('File Compare', layout).read(close=True) print(f'You chose: {values["-FILE-"]}') ``` ---------------- # Recipe - Long Operations - Multi-threading ### IMPORTANT GUI Topic! ***Brief summary:*** Threads can "inject" events and data into a `window.read()` call. This allows your application to simply stop, pend and awaken immediatrely when something happens. This makes for zero CPU time used when nothing's happening and it means 0ms latentcy. ### The Long Operation A classic problem of GUI programming is when you try to perform some operation that requires a lot of time. The problem is simple enough.... you have a GUI and when you press a button, you want a 10 second operation to take place while you're GUI patiently waits. What happens to most people that give this a try gets the dreaded windows/linux/mac "Your program has stopped responding do you wish to close it" If you add a sleep(30) to your code, it's not very many seconds before your window does this: ![SNAG-0866](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/87881346-9e9cb880-c9c6-11ea-9124-88f23a42a274.jpg) No Bueno ## PySimpleGUI to the Rescue This is likely the most significant feature addition in the past year. You hav always had this capability, but only in a manually created and polled fashion. ## The Solution 1. You put your long-running operation into a thread 2. Your thread signals the window when it iws done 3. Windows pend using their typical `window.read()` call ## The 10 Second Operation Example In summary, there are 2 approaches. 1. Brute force - Do the operation and don't return back until it's done 2. Threaded - Begin the opration and be informed later when it completes The previous 3rd method relied on a poll of new never that would happen on a refular bnasis instad of pending ### Brute Force Long Operation Here's our "Bruce Force" code: ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg import time def long_function(): time.sleep(10) layout = [[sg.Output(size=(60,10))], [sg.Button('Go'), sg.Button('Nothing'), sg.Button('Exit')] ] window = sg.Window('Window Title', layout) while True: # Event Loop event, values = window.read() if event == sg.WIN_CLOSED or event == 'Exit': break if event == 'Go': print('About to go to call my long function') long_function() print('Your long operation completed') window.close() ``` Take a moment to get to know the code. You'll find the typcical event loop. If you run this program, and you don't touch anything like your mouse, then it should sit for 10 seconds doing nothing and then print out the completed thmeesage. ![SNAG-0867](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/87882466-25a15f00-c9ce-11ea-98fe-0907dc915540.jpg) If you attempted to interact with the window by pressing the "Nothing" button, then you will likely get a mewssage about your window stoppedin g responding. ### Threaded Long Operation I think we can agree that brute force, no matter how badly we want it to work, won't. Bummer ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg import time import threading def long_function_thread(window): time.sleep(10) window.write_event_value('-THREAD DONE-', '') def long_function(): threading.Thread(target=long_function_thread, args=(window,), daemon=True).start() layout = [[sg.Output(size=(60,10))], [sg.Button('Go'), sg.Button('Nothing'), sg.Button('Exit')] ] window = sg.Window('Window Title', layout) while True: # Event Loop event, values = window.read() if event == sg.WIN_CLOSED or event == 'Exit': break if event == 'Go': print('About to go to call my long function') long_function() print('Long function has returned from starting') elif event == '-THREAD DONE-': print('Your long operation completed') else: print(event, values) window.close() ``` If you click the "Nothing" button, then you'll get a line printed in the Multiline that has the event and the values dictionary. Because there are no "input" elements, yourvalues sictionary is empy. Clicking "Go" is when the fun begins. You are immediately shown a message that the long-operatrion function is starting. The same function name as before is called `long_function`. But now the contents of that function have been replaced with starting a thread that executes the same code. This single line of code is all that was needed to create our long0runing function as a thread and to start that thread: ```python threading.Thread(target=the_thread, args=(window,), daemon=True).start() ``` The conversion over to a thead was done in 3 simple steps: 1. Renamed the `long_fundtion` to `long_function_thread` 2. Pass into the `long_function_thread` the `window` that it will commmunicate with 3. Add call to `window.write_event_value` when the long_running_thread is existing The result is a GUI that continutes to operate and be responsive to user's requests during the long running operation. ### Long operations with feedback The power of the `Window.write_event_value` is that it can be used at any time, not just at the beginning and end of operations. If a long operation can be broken intosmaller parts, then progress can be shown to the user. Rather than calling `Window.write_event_value` once time, it can be called a number of times to If we modify the code so that instead of sleeping for 10 seconds, we sleep for 1 second 10 times, then it's possible to show information about progress. Here's the code with the new operation broek up into 10 parts ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg import time import threading def long_function_thread(window): for i in range(10): time.sleep(1) window.write_event_value('-THREAD PROGRESS-', i) window.write_event_value('-THREAD DONE-', '') def long_function(): threading.Thread(target=long_function_thread, args=(window,), daemon=True).start() layout = [[sg.Output(size=(60,10))], [sg.Button('Go'), sg.Button('Nothing'), sg.Button('Exit')] ] window = sg.Window('Window Title', layout) while True: # Event Loop event, values = window.read() if event == sg.WIN_CLOSED or event == 'Exit': break if event == 'Go': print('About to go to call my long function') long_function() print('Long function has returned from starting') elif event == '-THREAD DONE-': print('Your long operation completed') else: print(event, values) window.close() ``` And the resulting window ![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/87884121-0e686e80-c9da-11ea-8b79-7f39616912b3.png) ------------------- # Recipe - convert_to_bytes Function + PIL Image Viewer This function has turned out to be one of the best for working with images in PySimpleGUI. ```python import PIL.Image import io import base64 def convert_to_bytes(file_or_bytes, resize=None): ''' Will convert into bytes and optionally resize an image that is a file or a base64 bytes object. Turns into PNG format in the process so that can be displayed by tkinter :param file_or_bytes: either a string filename or a bytes base64 image object :type file_or_bytes: (Union[str, bytes]) :param resize: optional new size :type resize: (Tuple[int, int] or None) :return: (bytes) a byte-string object :rtype: (bytes) ''' if isinstance(file_or_bytes, str): img = PIL.Image.open(file_or_bytes) else: try: img = PIL.Image.open(io.BytesIO(base64.b64decode(file_or_bytes))) except Exception as e: dataBytesIO = io.BytesIO(file_or_bytes) img = PIL.Image.open(dataBytesIO) cur_width, cur_height = img.size if resize: new_width, new_height = resize scale = min(new_height/cur_height, new_width/cur_width) img = img.resize((int(cur_width*scale), int(cur_height*scale)), PIL.Image.ANTIALIAS) bio = io.BytesIO() img.save(bio, format="PNG") del img return bio.getvalue() ``` It requires 3 packages - PIL, io, and base64. PIL is the only one you'll need to pip install. PySimpleGUI does not directly use the PIL package so that PySimpleGUI can remain highly portable. Requiring users to install PIL was simply not acceptable for the package, but it's fine for demo programs and helper functions like this one. One thing that PIL buys you is the ability to work with a LOT more file formats. If you want JPG images, then you want to use PIL as the tkinter based PySimpleGUI only supports PNGs and GIFs (because that's all tht tkinter supports) `convert_to_types` is a fantastic little function because you can give it a filename or a bytes string and it will return a bytes string that is optionally resized. This makes working with button images MUCH MUCH easier. Here are a couple of demos that use this function. The first one is a Matplotlib previewer. It creates a grid of graphs ![SNAG-0872](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/88382797-34459880-cd77-11ea-8ffa-0557310a30b9.jpg) These shots are from the demo that you'll see the source code to below. Note the "Resize to" field below the file list. ![SNAG-0873](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/88382796-34459880-cd77-11ea-8bb1-50a70cac7c1b.jpg) ![SNAG-0874](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/88382795-33ad0200-cd77-11ea-9928-9a77879f7133.jpg) As an example of one way to use this function, included here is the Demo Program you'll find in the demo programs area on the GitHub: ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg # import PySimpleGUIQt as sg import os.path import PIL.Image import io import base64 """ Demo for displaying any format of image file. Normally tkinter only wants PNG and GIF files. This program uses PIL to convert files such as jpg files into a PNG format so that tkinter can use it. The key to the program is the function "convert_to_bytes" which takes a filename or a bytes object and converts (with optional resize) into a PNG formatted bytes object that can then be passed to an Image Element's update method. This function can also optionally resize the image. Copyright 2020 PySimpleGUI.org """ def convert_to_bytes(file_or_bytes, resize=None): ''' Will convert into bytes and optionally resize an image that is a file or a base64 bytes object. Turns into PNG format in the process so that can be displayed by tkinter :param file_or_bytes: either a string filename or a bytes base64 image object :type file_or_bytes: (Union[str, bytes]) :param resize: optional new size :type resize: (Tuple[int, int] or None) :return: (bytes) a byte-string object :rtype: (bytes) ''' if isinstance(file_or_bytes, str): img = PIL.Image.open(file_or_bytes) else: try: img = PIL.Image.open(io.BytesIO(base64.b64decode(file_or_bytes))) except Exception as e: dataBytesIO = io.BytesIO(file_or_bytes) img = PIL.Image.open(dataBytesIO) cur_width, cur_height = img.size if resize: new_width, new_height = resize scale = min(new_height/cur_height, new_width/cur_width) img = img.resize((int(cur_width*scale), int(cur_height*scale)), PIL.Image.ANTIALIAS) bio = io.BytesIO() img.save(bio, format="PNG") del img return bio.getvalue() # --------------------------------- Define Layout --------------------------------- # First the window layout...2 columns left_col = [[sg.Text('Folder'), sg.In(size=(25,1), enable_events=True ,key='-FOLDER-'), sg.FolderBrowse()], [sg.Listbox(values=[], enable_events=True, size=(40,20),key='-FILE LIST-')], [sg.Text('Resize to'), sg.In(key='-W-', size=(5,1)), sg.In(key='-H-', size=(5,1))]] # For now will only show the name of the file that was chosen images_col = [[sg.Text('You choose from the list:')], [sg.Text(size=(40,1), key='-TOUT-')], [sg.Image(key='-IMAGE-')]] # ----- Full layout ----- layout = [[sg.Column(left_col, element_justification='c'), sg.VSeperator(),sg.Column(images_col, element_justification='c')]] # --------------------------------- Create Window --------------------------------- window = sg.Window('Multiple Format Image Viewer', layout,resizable=True) # ----- Run the Event Loop ----- # --------------------------------- Event Loop --------------------------------- while True: event, values = window.read() if event in (sg.WIN_CLOSED, 'Exit'): break if event == sg.WIN_CLOSED or event == 'Exit': break if event == '-FOLDER-': # Folder name was filled in, make a list of files in the folder folder = values['-FOLDER-'] try: file_list = os.listdir(folder) # get list of files in folder except: file_list = [] fnames = [f for f in file_list if os.path.isfile( os.path.join(folder, f)) and f.lower().endswith((".png", ".jpg", "jpeg", ".tiff", ".bmp"))] window['-FILE LIST-'].update(fnames) elif event == '-FILE LIST-': # A file was chosen from the listbox try: filename = os.path.join(values['-FOLDER-'], values['-FILE LIST-'][0]) window['-TOUT-'].update(filename) if values['-W-'] and values['-H-']: new_size = int(values['-W-']), int(values['-H-']) else: new_size = None window['-IMAGE-'].update(data=convert_to_bytes(filename, resize=new_size)) except Exception as E: print(f'** Error {E} **') pass # something weird happened making the full filename # --------------------------------- Close & Exit --------------------------------- window.close() ``` ## Use with buttons One particuarly good use of this function is when you want to add a graphic to a button. This function will convert images of any format into a byte string that can be passed into your Button element when you create it. Let's say you want to user the PySimpleGUI icon as a button. You can do that easily enough using this statement: ```python sg.Button(image_data=sg.DEFAULT_BASE64_ICON, button_color=(sg.theme_background_color(), sg.theme_background_color()), border_width=0, key='-PSG-'), ``` But maybe your application has button images that are all 40 x 40 pixels. In that case, you simply pass this image to the convert function along with the new size you want it to be. ```python sg.Button(image_data=convert_to_bytes(sg.DEFAULT_BASE64_ICON, (40, 40)), button_color=(sg.theme_background_color(), sg.theme_background_color()), border_width=0, key='-PSG-') ``` The result are these 2 buttons: ![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/88383571-c39f7b80-cd78-11ea-9a4e-f9678a031087.png) --------------- # Recipe - Nearly All Elements with Color Theme, Menus, (The Everything Bagel) Example of nearly all of the Elements in a single window. Uses a customized color scheme, lots of Elements, default values, Columns, Frames with colored text, tooltips, file browsing. There are at least 13 different Elements used. Before scrolling down to the code, guess how many lines of Python code were required to create this custom layout window. ![latest everything bagel](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/13696193/45920376-22d89000-be71-11e8-8ac4-640f011f84d0.jpg) ```python #!/usr/bin/env Python3 import PySimpleGUI as sg sg.ChangeLookAndFeel('GreenTan') # ------ Menu Definition ------ # menu_def = [['File', ['Open', 'Save', 'Exit', 'Properties']], ['Edit', ['Paste', ['Special', 'Normal', ], 'Undo'], ], ['Help', 'About...'], ] # ------ Column Definition ------ # column1 = [[sg.Text('Column 1', background_color='#F7F3EC', justification='center', size=(10, 1))], [sg.Spin(values=('Spin Box 1', '2', '3'), initial_value='Spin Box 1')], [sg.Spin(values=('Spin Box 1', '2', '3'), initial_value='Spin Box 2')], [sg.Spin(values=('Spin Box 1', '2', '3'), initial_value='Spin Box 3')]] layout = [ [sg.Menu(menu_def, tearoff=True)], [sg.Text('All graphic widgets in one window!', size=(30, 1), justification='center', font=("Helvetica", 25), relief=sg.RELIEF_RIDGE)], [sg.Text('Here is some text.... and a place to enter text')], [sg.InputText('This is my text')], [sg.Frame(layout=[ [sg.Checkbox('Checkbox', size=(10,1)), sg.Checkbox('My second checkbox!', default=True)], [sg.Radio('My first Radio! ', "RADIO1", default=True, size=(10,1)), sg.Radio('My second Radio!', "RADIO1")]], title='Options',title_color='red', relief=sg.RELIEF_SUNKEN, tooltip='Use these to set flags')], [sg.Multiline(default_text='This is the default Text should you decide not to type anything', size=(35, 3)), sg.Multiline(default_text='A second multi-line', size=(35, 3))], [sg.InputCombo(('Combobox 1', 'Combobox 2'), size=(20, 1)), sg.Slider(range=(1, 100), orientation='h', size=(34, 20), default_value=85)], [sg.InputOptionMenu(('Menu Option 1', 'Menu Option 2', 'Menu Option 3'))], [sg.Listbox(values=('Listbox 1', 'Listbox 2', 'Listbox 3'), size=(30, 3)), sg.Frame('Labelled Group',[[ sg.Slider(range=(1, 100), orientation='v', size=(5, 20), default_value=25), sg.Slider(range=(1, 100), orientation='v', size=(5, 20), default_value=75), sg.Slider(range=(1, 100), orientation='v', size=(5, 20), default_value=10), sg.Column(column1, background_color='#F7F3EC')]])], [sg.Text('_' * 80)], [sg.Text('Choose A Folder', size=(35, 1))], [sg.Text('Your Folder', size=(15, 1), auto_size_text=False, justification='right'), sg.InputText('Default Folder'), sg.FolderBrowse()], [sg.Submit(tooltip='Click to submit this window'), sg.Cancel()] ] window = sg.Window('Everything bagel', layout, default_element_size=(40, 1), grab_anywhere=False) event, values = window.read() window.close() sg.popup('Title', 'The results of the window.', 'The button clicked was "{}"'.format(event), 'The values are', values) ``` #### 35 lines of code That's what the window definition, creation, display and get values ultimately ended up being when you remove the blank lines above. Try displaying 13 seperate "GUI Widgets" in any of the GUI frameworks. There's $20 waiting for the person that can code up the same window in under 35 lines of Python code using tkinter, WxPython, or Qt. For compactness, it's difficult to beat PySimpleGUI simply because the PySimpleGUI code is running a ton of "boilerplate" code on your behalf. ------------- ## Asynchronous Window With Periodic Update ### Sync Versus Async Mode It's possible, and even easy, to run your PySimpleGUI program in an "asynchronous" way. What does that even mean? There are 2 modes sync and async. When running normally (synchronous), calls are made into the GUI ***stay*** in the GUI until something happens. You call `window.read()` and wait for a button or some event that causes the `read` to return. With async calls, you wait for an event for a certain amount of time and then you return after that amount of time if there's no event. You don't wait forever for a new event. When running asynchronously, you are giving the illusion that multiple things are happening at the same time when in fact they are interwoven. It means your program doesn't "block" or stop running while the user is interacting with the window. Your program continues to run and does things while the user is fiddling around. The critical part of these async windows is to ensure that you are calling either `read` or `refresh` often enough. Just because your code is running doesn't mean you can ignore the GUI. We've all experienced what happens when a GUI program "locks up". We're shown this lovely window. ![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/75084725-133efa00-54f0-11ea-9bde-3e49695a17d5.png) This happens when the GUI subsystem isn't given an opportunity to run for a long time. Adding a sleep to your event loop will cause one of these to pop up pretty quickly. We can "cheat" a little though. Rather than being stuck inside the GUI code, we get control back, do a little bit of work, and then jump back into the GUI code. If this is done quickly enough, you don't get the ugly little "not responding" window. ### Async Uses - Polling Use this design pattern for projects that need to poll or output something on a regular basis. In this case, we're indicating we want a `timeout=10` on our `window.read` call. This will cause the `Read` call to return a "timeout key" as the event every 10 milliseconds has passed without some GUI thing happening first (like the user clicking a button). The timeout key is `PySimpleGUI.TIMEOUT_KEY` usually written as `sg.TIMEOUT_KEY` in normal PySimpleGUI code. Use caution when using windows with a timeout. You should **rarely** need to use a `timeout=0`. A zero value is a truly non-blocking call, so try not to abuse this design pattern. You shouldn't use a timeout of zero unless you're a realtime application and you know what you're doing. A zero value will consume 100% of the CPU core your code is running on. Abuse it an bad things ***will*** happen. A note about timers... this is not a good design for a stopwatch as it can very easily drift. This would never pass for a good solution in a bit of commercial code. For better accuracy always get the actual time from a reputable source, like the operating system. Use that as what you use to measure and display the time. ![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/68599926-82c43880-046f-11ea-9901-84fae885ec8d.png) ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg sg.theme('DarkBrown1') layout = [ [sg.Text('Stopwatch', size=(20, 2), justification='center')], [sg.Text(size=(10, 2), font=('Helvetica', 20), justification='center', key='-OUTPUT-')], [sg.T(' ' * 5), sg.Button('Start/Stop', focus=True), sg.Quit()]] window = sg.Window('Stopwatch Timer', layout) timer_running, counter = True, 0 while True: # Event Loop event, values = window.read(timeout=10) # Please try and use as high of a timeout value as you can if event in (sg.WIN_CLOSED, 'Quit'): # if user closed the window using X or clicked Quit button break elif event == 'Start/Stop': timer_running = not timer_running if timer_running: window['-OUTPUT-'].update('{:02d}:{:02d}.{:02d}'.format((counter // 100) // 60, (counter // 100) % 60, counter % 100)) counter += 1 window.close() ``` The `focus` parameter for the Button causes the window to start with that button having focus. This will allow you to press the return key or spacebar to control the button. -------- # Recipe - Callback Function Simulation The architecture of some programs works better with button callbacks instead of handling in-line. While button callbacks are part of the PySimpleGUI implementation, they are not directly exposed to the caller. The way to get the same result as callbacks is to simulate them with a recipe like this one. ![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/69109891-0ae5a780-0a47-11ea-8cc4-9442f46c7fa7.png) ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg sg.theme('Light Blue 3') # This design pattern simulates button callbacks # This implementation uses a simple "Dispatch Dictionary" to store events and functions # The callback functions def button1(): print('Button 1 callback') def button2(): print('Button 2 callback') # Lookup dictionary that maps button to function to call dispatch_dictionary = {'1':button1, '2':button2} # Layout the design of the GUI layout = [[sg.Text('Please click a button', auto_size_text=True)], [sg.Button('1'), sg.Button('2'), sg.Button('3'), sg.Quit()]] # Show the Window to the user window = sg.Window('Button callback example', layout) # Event loop. Read buttons, make callbacks while True: # Read the Window event, value = window.read() if event in ('Quit', sg.WIN_CLOSED): break # Lookup event in function dictionary if event in dispatch_dictionary: func_to_call = dispatch_dictionary[event] # get function from dispatch dictionary func_to_call() else: print('Event {} not in dispatch dictionary'.format(event)) window.close() # All done! sg.popup_ok('Done') ``` # Recipe - OneLineProgressMeter This recipe shows just how easy it is to add a progress meter to your code. ![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/69110052-80517800-0a47-11ea-8c59-9d86aa3e851d.png) ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg sg.theme('Dark Blue 8') for i in range(1000): # this is your "work loop" that you want to monitor sg.OneLineProgressMeter('One Line Meter Example', i + 1, 1000, 'key') ``` Unlike other progress meter Python packages, PySimpleGUI's one-line-progress-meter is 1 line of code, not 2. Historicly you would setup the meter outside your work loop and then update that meter inside of your loop. With PySimpleGUI you do not need to setup the meter outside the loop. You only need to add the line of code to update the meter insdie of your loop. ------- # Recipe - Minesweeper-style Grid of Buttons There are a number of applications built using a GUI that involve a grid of buttons. The games Minesweeper and Battleship can both be thought of as a grid of buttons. ![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/68539259-b5c2db00-034e-11ea-965a-16bd7f877f5b.png) Here is the code for the above window ```python import PySimpleGUIWeb as sg from random import randint MAX_ROWS = MAX_COL = 10 board = [[randint(0,1) for j in range(MAX_COL)] for i in range(MAX_ROWS)] layout = [[sg.Button('?', size=(4, 2), key=(i,j), pad=(0,0)) for j in range(MAX_COL)] for i in range(MAX_ROWS)] window = sg.Window('Minesweeper', layout) while True: event, values = window.read() if event in (sg.WIN_CLOSED, 'Exit'): break # window[(row, col)].update('New text') # To change a button's text, use this pattern # For this example, change the text of the button to the board's value and turn color black window[event].update(board[event[0]][event[1]], button_color=('white','black')) window.close() ``` The **most important** thing for you to learn from this recipe is that keys and events can be **any type**, not just strings. Thinking about this grid of buttons, doesn't it make the most sense for you to get row, column information when a button is pressed. Well, that's exactly what setting your keys for these buttons to be tuples does for you. It gives you the abilty to read events and finding the button row and column, and it makes updating text or color of buttons using a row, column designation. This program also runs on PySimpleGUIWeb really well. Change the import to PySimpleGUIWeb and you'll see this in your web browser (assuming you've installed PySimpleGUIWeb) ![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/68539298-3eda1200-034f-11ea-82bd-9f2ad479465b.png) --- ## Button Graphics (Media Player) Buttons can have PNG of GIF images on them. This Media Player recipe requires 4 images in order to function correctly. The background is set to the same color as the button background so that they blend together. ![media player](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/13696193/43958418-5dd133f2-9c79-11e8-9432-0a67007e85ac.jpg) ```python #!/usr/bin/env python import PySimpleGUI as sg # # An Async Demonstration of a media player # Uses button images for a super snazzy look # See how it looks here: # https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/13696193/43159403-45c9726e-8f50-11e8-9da0-0d272e20c579.jpg # def MediaPlayerGUI(): background = '#F0F0F0' # Set the backgrounds the same as the background on the buttons sg.SetOptions(background_color=background, element_background_color=background) # Images are located in a subfolder in the Demo Media Player.py folder image_pause = './ButtonGraphics/Pause.png' image_restart = './ButtonGraphics/Restart.png' image_next = './ButtonGraphics/Next.png' image_exit = './ButtonGraphics/Exit.png' # A text element that will be changed to display messages in the GUI # define layout of the rows layout= [[sg.Text('Media File Player',size=(17,1), font=("Helvetica", 25))], [sg.Text(size=(15, 2), font=("Helvetica", 14), key='output')], [sg.Button('', button_color=(background,background), image_filename=image_restart, image_size=(50, 50), image_subsample=2, border_width=0, key='Restart Song'), sg.Text(' ' * 2), sg.Button('', button_color=(background,background), image_filename=image_pause, image_size=(50, 50), image_subsample=2, border_width=0, key='Pause'), sg.Text(' ' * 2), sg.Button('', button_color=(background,background), image_filename=image_next, image_size=(50, 50), image_subsample=2, border_width=0, key='Next'), sg.Text(' ' * 2), sg.Text(' ' * 2), sg.Button('', button_color=(background,background), image_filename=image_exit, image_size=(50, 50), image_subsample=2, border_width=0, key='Exit')], [sg.Text('_'*20)], [sg.Text(' '*30)], [ sg.Slider(range=(-10, 10), default_value=0, size=(10, 20), orientation='vertical', font=("Helvetica", 15)), sg.Text(' ' * 2), sg.Slider(range=(-10, 10), default_value=0, size=(10, 20), orientation='vertical', font=("Helvetica", 15)), sg.Text(' ' * 2), sg.Slider(range=(-10, 10), default_value=0, size=(10, 20), orientation='vertical', font=("Helvetica", 15))], [sg.Text(' Bass', font=("Helvetica", 15), size=(9, 1)), sg.Text('Treble', font=("Helvetica", 15), size=(7, 1)), sg.Text('Volume', font=("Helvetica", 15), size=(7, 1))] ] # Open a form, note that context manager can't be used generally speaking for async forms window = sg.Window('Media File Player', layout, default_element_size=(20, 1), font=("Helvetica", 25)) # Our event loop while(True): event, values = window.read(timeout=100) # Poll every 100 ms if event == 'Exit' or event == sg.WIN_CLOSED: break # If a button was pressed, display it on the GUI by updating the text element if event != sg.TIMEOUT_KEY: window['output'].update(event) MediaPlayerGUI() ``` ## Script Launcher - Persistent Window This Window doesn't close after button clicks. To achieve this the buttons are specified as `sg.Button` instead of `sg.Button`. The exception to this is the EXIT button. Clicking it will close the window. This program will run commands and display the output in the scrollable window. ![launcher 2](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/13696193/43958519-b30af218-9c79-11e8-88da-fadc69da818c.jpg) ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg import subprocess # Please check Demo programs for better examples of launchers def ExecuteCommandSubprocess(command, *args): try: sp = subprocess.Popen([command, *args], shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE) out, err = sp.communicate() if out: print(out.decode("utf-8")) if err: print(err.decode("utf-8")) except: pass layout = [ [sg.Text('Script output....', size=(40, 1))], [sg.Output(size=(88, 20))], [sg.Button('script1'), sg.Button('script2'), sg.Button('EXIT')], [sg.Text('Manual command', size=(15, 1)), sg.InputText(focus=True), sg.Button('Run', bind_return_key=True)] ] window = sg.Window('Script launcher', layout) # ---===--- Loop taking in user input and using it to call scripts --- # while True: (event, value) = window.read() if event == 'EXIT' or event == sg.WIN_CLOSED: break # exit button clicked if event == 'script1': ExecuteCommandSubprocess('pip', 'list') elif event == 'script2': ExecuteCommandSubprocess('python', '--version') elif event == 'Run': ExecuteCommandSubprocess(value[0]) ``` ## Launch a Program With a Button Very simple script that will launch a program as a subprocess. Great for making a desktop launcher toolbar. ```python import subprocess import PySimpleGUI as sg CHROME = r"C:\Program Files (x86)\Google\Chrome\Application\chrome.exe" layout = [ [sg.Text('Text area', key='_TEXT_')], [sg.Input(key='_URL_')], [sg.Button('Chrome'), sg.Button('Exit')]] window = sg.Window('Window Title', layuout) while True: # Event Loop event, values = window.read() print(event, values) if event == sg.WIN_CLOSED or event == 'Exit': break if event == 'Chrome': sp = subprocess.Popen([CHROME, values['_URL_']], shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE) window.close() ``` ## Machine Learning GUI A standard non-blocking GUI with lots of inputs. ![machine learning green](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/13696193/43979000-408b77ba-9cb7-11e8-9ffd-24c156767532.jpg) ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg # Green & tan color scheme sg.ChangeLookAndFeel('GreenTan') sg.SetOptions(text_justification='right') layout = [[sg.Text('Machine Learning Command Line Parameters', font=('Helvetica', 16))], [sg.Text('Passes', size=(15, 1)), sg.Spin(values=[i for i in range(1, 1000)], initial_value=20, size=(6, 1)), sg.Text('Steps', size=(18, 1)), sg.Spin(values=[i for i in range(1, 1000)], initial_value=20, size=(6, 1))], [sg.Text('ooa', size=(15, 1)), sg.In(default_text='6', size=(10, 1)), sg.Text('nn', size=(15, 1)), sg.In(default_text='10', size=(10, 1))], [sg.Text('q', size=(15, 1)), sg.In(default_text='ff', size=(10, 1)), sg.Text('ngram', size=(15, 1)), sg.In(default_text='5', size=(10, 1))], [sg.Text('l', size=(15, 1)), sg.In(default_text='0.4', size=(10, 1)), sg.Text('Layers', size=(15, 1)), sg.Drop(values=('BatchNorm', 'other'), auto_size_text=True)], [sg.Text('_' * 100, size=(65, 1))], [sg.Text('Flags', font=('Helvetica', 15), justification='left')], [sg.Checkbox('Normalize', size=(12, 1), default=True), sg.Checkbox('Verbose', size=(20, 1))], [sg.Checkbox('Cluster', size=(12, 1)), sg.Checkbox('Flush Output', size=(20, 1), default=True)], [sg.Checkbox('Write Results', size=(12, 1)), sg.Checkbox('Keep Intermediate Data', size=(20, 1))], [sg.Text('_' * 100, size=(65, 1))], [sg.Text('Loss Functions', font=('Helvetica', 15), justification='left')], [sg.Radio('Cross-Entropy', 'loss', size=(12, 1)), sg.Radio('Logistic', 'loss', default=True, size=(12, 1))], [sg.Radio('Hinge', 'loss', size=(12, 1)), sg.Radio('Huber', 'loss', size=(12, 1))], [sg.Radio('Kullerback', 'loss', size=(12, 1)), sg.Radio('MAE(L1)', 'loss', size=(12, 1))], [sg.Radio('MSE(L2)', 'loss', size=(12, 1)), sg.Radio('MB(L0)', 'loss', size=(12, 1))], [sg.Submit(), sg.Cancel()]] window = sg.Window('Machine Learning Front End', layout, font=("Helvetica", 12)) event, values = window.read() ``` ------- ## Custom Progress Meter / Progress Bar Perhaps you don't want all the statistics that the EasyProgressMeter provides and want to create your own progress bar. Use this recipe to do just that. ![custom progress meter](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/13696193/43982958-3393b23e-9cc6-11e8-8b49-e7f4890cbc4b.jpg) ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg # layout the Window layout = [[sg.Text('A custom progress meter')], [sg.ProgressBar(1000, orientation='h', size=(20, 20), key='progbar')], [sg.Cancel()]] # create the Window window = sg.Window('Custom Progress Meter', layout) # loop that would normally do something useful for i in range(1000): # check to see if the cancel button was clicked and exit loop if clicked event, values = window.read(timeout=0) if event == 'Cancel' or event == sg.WIN_CLOSED: break # update bar with loop value +1 so that bar eventually reaches the maximum window['progbar'].update_bar(i + 1) # done with loop... need to destroy the window as it's still open window.close() ``` ---- ## Multiple Columns A Column is required when you have a tall element to the left of smaller elements. In this example, there is a Listbox on the left that is 3 rows high. To the right of it are 3 single rows of text and input. These 3 rows are in a Column Element. To make it easier to see the Column in the window, the Column background has been shaded blue. The code is wordier than normal due to the blue shading. Each element in the column needs to have the color set to match blue background. ![cookbook columns](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/13696193/45309948-f6c52280-b4f2-11e8-8691-a45fa0e06c50.jpg) ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg # Demo of how columns work # GUI has on row 1 a vertical slider followed by a COLUMN with 7 rows # Prior to the Column element, this layout was not possible # Columns layouts look identical to GUI layouts, they are a list of lists of elements. sg.ChangeLookAndFeel('BlueMono') # Column layout col = [[sg.Text('col Row 1', text_color='white', background_color='blue')], [sg.Text('col Row 2', text_color='white', background_color='blue'), sg.Input('col input 1')], [sg.Text('col Row 3', text_color='white', background_color='blue'), sg.Input('col input 2')]] layout = [[sg.Listbox(values=('Listbox Item 1', 'Listbox Item 2', 'Listbox Item 3'), select_mode=sg.LISTBOX_SELECT_MODE_MULTIPLE, size=(20,3)), sg.Column(col, background_color='blue')], [sg.Input('Last input')], [sg.OK()]] # Display the Window and get values event, values = sg.Window('Compact 1-line Window with column', layout).Read() sg.popup(event, values, line_width=200) ``` ---- ## Persistent Window With Text Element Updates This simple program keep a window open, taking input values until the user terminates the program using the "X" button. ![math game](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/13696193/44537842-c9444080-a6cd-11e8-94bc-6cdf1b765dd8.jpg) ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg layout = [ [sg.Txt('Enter values to calculate')], [sg.In(size=(8,1), key='numerator')], [sg.Txt('_' * 10)], [sg.In(size=(8,1), key='denominator')], [sg.Txt('', size=(8,1), key='output') ], [sg.Button('Calculate', bind_return_key=True)]] window = sg.Window('Math', layout) while True: event, values = window.read() if event != sg.WIN_CLOSED: try: numerator = float(values['numerator']) denominator = float(values['denominator']) calc = numerator / denominator except: calc = 'Invalid' window['output'].update(calc) else: break ``` ## One Element Updating Another - Compound Elements ![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/13696193/49649095-1be40700-f9f6-11e8-981e-f56eb8404ae7.png) You can easily build "compound elements" in a single like of code. This recipe shows you how to add a numeric value onto a slider. ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg layout = [[sg.Text('Slider Demonstration'), sg.Text('', key='_OUTPUT_')], [sg.T('0',key='_LEFT_'), sg.Slider((1,100), key='_SLIDER_', orientation='h', enable_events=True, disable_number_display=True), sg.T('0', key='_RIGHT_')], [sg.Button('Show'), sg.Button('Exit')]] window = sg.Window('Window Title', layout) while True: # Event Loop event, values = window.read() print(event, values) if event == sg.WIN_CLOSED or event == 'Exit': break window['_LEFT_'].update(values['_SLIDER_']) window['_RIGHT_'].update(values['_SLIDER_']) window.close() ``` ## Multiple Windows This recipe is a design pattern for multiple windows where the first window is not active while the second window is showing. The first window is hidden to discourage continued interaction. ```Python """ PySimpleGUI The Complete Course Lesson 7 - Multiple Windows""" import PySimpleGUI as sg # Design pattern 1 - First window does not remain active layout = [[ sg.Text('Window 1'),], [sg.Input()], [sg.Text('', key='_OUTPUT_')], [sg.Button('Launch 2')]] win1 = sg.Window('Window 1', layout) win2_active=False while True: ev1, vals1 = win1.Read(timeout=100) if ev1 == sg.WIN_CLOSED: break win1.['_OUTPUT_'].update(vals1[0]) if ev1 == 'Launch 2' and not win2_active: win2_active = True win1.Hide() layout2 = [[sg.Text('Window 2')], # note must create a layout from scratch every time. No reuse [sg.Button('Exit')]] win2 = sg.Window('Window 2', layout2) while True: ev2, vals2 = win2.Read() if ev2 == sg.WIN_CLOSED or ev2 == 'Exit': win2.Close() win2_active = False win1.UnHide() break ``` ## tkinter Canvas Widget The Canvas Element is one of the few tkinter objects that are directly accessible. The tkinter Canvas widget itself can be retrieved from a Canvas Element like this: ```python can = sg.Canvas(size=(100,100)) tkcanvas = can.TKCanvas tkcanvas.create_oval(50, 50, 100, 100) ``` While it's fun to scribble on a Canvas Widget, try Graph Element makes it a downright pleasant experience. You do not have to worry about the tkinter coordinate system and can instead work in your own coordinate system. ![canvas](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/13696193/44632429-5266ac00-a948-11e8-9ee0-664103c40178.jpg) ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg layout = [ [sg.Canvas(size=(100, 100), background_color='red', key= 'canvas')], [sg.T('Change circle color to:'), sg.Button('Red'), sg.Button('Blue')] ] window = sg.Window('Canvas test', layout) window.Finalize() canvas = window['canvas') cir = canvas.TKCanvas.create_oval(50, 50, 100, 100) while True: event, values = window.read() if event == sg.WIN_CLOSED: break if event == 'Blue': canvas.TKCanvas.itemconfig(cir, fill="Blue") elif event == 'Red': canvas.TKCanvas.itemconfig(cir, fill="Red") ``` ## Graph Element - drawing circle, rectangle, etc, objects Just like you can draw on a tkinter widget, you can also draw on a Graph Element. Graph Elements are easier on the programmer as you get to work in your own coordinate system. ![graph recipe](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/13696193/45920640-751bb000-be75-11e8-9530-45b71cbae07d.jpg) ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg layout = [ [sg.Graph(canvas_size=(400, 400), graph_bottom_left=(0,0), graph_top_right=(400, 400), background_color='red', key='graph')], [sg.T('Change circle color to:'), sg.Button('Red'), sg.Button('Blue'), sg.Button('Move')] ] window = sg.Window('Graph test', layout) window.Finalize() graph = window['graph') circle = graph.DrawCircle((75,75), 25, fill_color='black',line_color='white') point = graph.DrawPoint((75,75), 10, color='green') oval = graph.DrawOval((25,300), (100,280), fill_color='purple', line_color='purple' ) rectangle = graph.DrawRectangle((25,300), (100,280), line_color='purple' ) line = graph.DrawLine((0,0), (100,100)) while True: event, values = window.read() if event == sg.WIN_CLOSED: break if event is 'Blue': graph.TKCanvas.itemconfig(circle, fill = "Blue") elif event is 'Red': graph.TKCanvas.itemconfig(circle, fill = "Red") elif event is 'Move': graph.MoveFigure(point, 10,10) graph.MoveFigure(circle, 10,10) graph.MoveFigure(oval, 10,10) graph.MoveFigure(rectangle, 10,10) ``` ## Keypad Touchscreen Entry - Input Element Update This Recipe implements a Raspberry Pi touchscreen based keypad entry. As the digits are entered using the buttons, the Input Element above it is updated with the input digits. There are a number of features used in this Recipe including: * Default Element Size * auto_size_buttons * Button * Dictionary Return values * Update of Elements in window (Input, Text) ![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/68538641-ece0be80-0345-11ea-86b2-35c6208e2840.png) ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg layout = [[sg.Text('Enter Your Passcode')], [sg.Input(size=(10, 1), justification='right', key='input')], [sg.Button('1'), sg.Button('2'), sg.Button('3')], [sg.Button('4'), sg.Button('5'), sg.Button('6')], [sg.Button('7'), sg.Button('8'), sg.Button('9')], [sg.Button('Submit'), sg.Button('0'), sg.Button('Clear')], [sg.Text(size=(15, 1), font=('Helvetica', 18), text_color='red', key='out')]] window = sg.Window('Keypad', layout, default_button_element_size=(5,2), auto_size_buttons=False) # Loop forever reading the window's values, updating the Input field keys_entered = '' while True: event, values = window.read() # read the window if event == sg.WIN_CLOSED: # if the X button clicked, just exit break if event == 'Clear': # clear keys if clear button keys_entered = '' elif event in '1234567890': keys_entered = values['input'] # get what's been entered so far keys_entered += event # add the new digit elif event == 'Submit': keys_entered = values['input'] window['out'].update(keys_entered) # output the final string window['input'].update(keys_entered) # change the window to reflect current key string ``` ---- ## Matplotlib Window With GUI Window There are 2 ways to use PySimpleGUI with Matplotlib. Both use the standard tkinter based Matplotlib. The simplest is when both the interactive Matplotlib window and a PySimpleGUI window are running at the same time. First the PySimpleGUI window appears giving you 3 options. ![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/68538920-23203d00-034a-11ea-9e3d-9b2a87d47824.png) Clicking "Plot" will create the Matplotlib window ![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/46163555/68538926-2a474b00-034a-11ea-8da4-772498314656.png) You can click the "Popup" button in the PySimpleGUI window and you'll see a popup window, proving the your GUI is still alive and operational. ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg import matplotlib.pyplot as plt """ Simultaneous PySimpleGUI Window AND a Matplotlib Interactive Window A number of people have requested the ability to run a normal PySimpleGUI window that launches a MatplotLib window that is interactive with the usual Matplotlib controls. It turns out to be a rather simple thing to do. The secret is to add parameter block=False to plt.show() """ def draw_plot(): plt.plot([0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 0.7]) plt.show(block=False) layout = [[sg.Button('Plot'), sg.Cancel(), sg.Button('Popup')]] window = sg.Window('Have some Matplotlib....', layout) while True: event, values = window.read() if event in (sg.WIN_CLOSED, 'Cancel'): break elif event == 'Plot': draw_plot() elif event == 'Popup': sg.popup('Yes, your application is still running') window.close() ``` ---- ## Animated Matplotlib Graph Use the Canvas Element to create an animated graph. The code is a bit tricky to follow, but if you know Matplotlib then this recipe shouldn't be too difficult to copy and modify. ![animated matplotlib](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/13696193/44640937-91b9ea80-a992-11e8-9c1c-85ae74013679.jpg) ```python from tkinter import * from random import randint import PySimpleGUI as sg from matplotlib.backends.backend_tkagg import FigureCanvasTkAgg, FigureCanvasAgg from matplotlib.figure import Figure import matplotlib.backends.tkagg as tkagg import tkinter as Tk fig = Figure() ax = fig.add_subplot(111) ax.set_xlabel("X axis") ax.set_ylabel("Y axis") ax.grid() layout = [[sg.Text('Animated Matplotlib', size=(40, 1), justification='center', font='Helvetica 20')], [sg.Canvas(size=(640, 480), key='canvas')], [sg.Button('Exit', size=(10, 2), pad=((280, 0), 3), font='Helvetica 14')]] # create the window and show it without the plot window = sg.Window('Demo Application - Embedding Matplotlib In PySimpleGUI', layout) window.Finalize() # needed to access the canvas element prior to reading the window canvas_elem = window['canvas') graph = FigureCanvasTkAgg(fig, master=canvas_elem.TKCanvas) canvas = canvas_elem.TKCanvas dpts = [randint(0, 10) for x in range(10000)] # Our event loop for i in range(len(dpts)): event, values = window.read(timeout=20) if event == 'Exit' or event == sg.WIN_CLOSED: exit(69) ax.cla() ax.grid() ax.plot(range(20), dpts[i:i + 20], color='purple') graph.draw() figure_x, figure_y, figure_w, figure_h = fig.bbox.bounds figure_w, figure_h = int(figure_w), int(figure_h) photo = Tk.PhotoImage(master=canvas, width=figure_w, height=figure_h) canvas.create_image(640 / 2, 480 / 2, image=photo) figure_canvas_agg = FigureCanvasAgg(fig) figure_canvas_agg.draw() tkagg.blit(photo, figure_canvas_agg.get_renderer()._renderer, colormode=2) ``` --------- ## Tight Layout with Button States Saw this example layout written in tkinter and liked it so much I duplicated the interface. It's "tight", clean, and has a nice dark look and feel. This Recipe also contains code that implements the button interactions so that you'll have a template to build from. In other GUI frameworks this program would be most likely "event driven" with callback functions being used to communicate button events. The "event loop" would be handled by the GUI engine. If code already existed that used a call-back mechanism, the loop in the example code below could simply call these callback functions directly based on the button text it receives in the window.read call. ![timemanagement](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/13696193/44996818-0f27c100-af78-11e8-8836-9ef6164efe3b.jpg) ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg """ Demonstrates using a "tight" layout with a Dark theme. Shows how button states can be controlled by a user application. The program manages the disabled/enabled states for buttons and changes the text color to show greyed-out (disabled) buttons """ sg.ChangeLookAndFeel('Dark') sg.SetOptions(element_padding=(0,0)) layout = [[sg.T('User:', pad=((3,0),0)), sg.OptionMenu(values = ('User 1', 'User 2'), size=(20,1)), sg.T('0', size=(8,1))], [sg.T('Customer:', pad=((3,0),0)), sg.OptionMenu(values=('Customer 1', 'Customer 2'), size=(20,1)), sg.T('1', size=(8,1))], [sg.T('Notes:', pad=((3,0),0)), sg.In(size=(44,1), background_color='white', text_color='black')], [sg.Button('Start', button_color=('white', 'black'), key='Start'), sg.Button('Stop', button_color=('white', 'black'), key='Stop'), sg.Button('Reset', button_color=('white', 'firebrick3'), key='Reset'), sg.Button('Submit', button_color=('white', 'springgreen4'), key='Submit')] ] window = sg.Window("Time Tracker", layout, default_element_size=(12,1), text_justification='r', auto_size_text=False, auto_size_buttons=False, default_button_element_size=(12,1)) window.Finalize() window['Stop'].update(disabled=True) window['Reset'].update(disabled=True) window['Submit'].update(disabled=True) recording = have_data = False while True: event, values = window.read() print(event) if event == sg.WIN_CLOSED: exit(69) if event is 'Start': window['Start'].update(disabled=True) window['Stop'].update(disabled=False) window['Reset'].update(disabled=False) window['Submit'].update(disabled=True) recording = True elif event is 'Stop' and recording: window['Stop'].update(disabled=True) window['Start'].update(disabled=False) window['Submit'].update(disabled=False) recording = False have_data = True elif event is 'Reset': window['Stop'].update(disabled=True) window['Start'].update(disabled=False) window['Submit'].update(disabled=True) window['Reset'].update(disabled=False) recording = False have_data = False elif event is 'Submit' and have_data: window['Stop'].update(disabled=True) window['Start'].update(disabled=False) window['Submit'].update(disabled=True) window['Reset'].update(disabled=False) recording = False ``` ## Password Protection For Scripts You get 2 scripts in one. Use the upper half to generate your hash code. Then paste it into the code in the lower half. Copy and paste lower 1/2 into your code to get password protection for your script without putting the password into your source code. ![password entry](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/13696193/45129440-ab58f000-b151-11e8-8ebe-e519a50b3ead.jpg) ![password hash](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/13696193/45129441-ab58f000-b151-11e8-8a46-c2789bb7824e.jpg) ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg import hashlib ''' Create a secure login for your scripts without having to include your password in the program. Create an SHA1 hash code for your password using the GUI. Paste into variable in final program 1. Choose a password 2. Generate a hash code for your chosen password by running program and entering 'gui' as the password 3. Type password into the GUI 4. Copy and paste hash code Window GUI into variable named login_password_hash 5. Run program again and test your login! ''' # Use this GUI to get your password's hash code def HashGeneratorGUI(): layout = [[sg.T('Password Hash Generator', size=(30,1), font='Any 15')], [sg.T('Password'), sg.In(key='password')], [sg.T('SHA Hash'), sg.In('', size=(40,1), key='hash')], ] window = sg.Window('SHA Generator', layout, auto_size_text=False, default_element_size=(10,1), text_justification='r', return_keyboard_events=True, grab_anywhere=False) while True: event, values = window.read() if event == sg.WIN_CLOSED: exit(69) password = values['password'] try: password_utf = password.encode('utf-8') sha1hash = hashlib.sha1() sha1hash.update(password_utf) password_hash = sha1hash.hexdigest() window['hash'].update(password_hash) except: pass # ----------------------------- Paste this code into your program / script ----------------------------- # determine if a password matches the secret password by comparing SHA1 hash codes def PasswordMatches(password, hash): password_utf = password.encode('utf-8') sha1hash = hashlib.sha1() sha1hash.update(password_utf) password_hash = sha1hash.hexdigest() if password_hash == hash: return True else: return False login_password_hash = '5baa61e4c9b93f3f0682250b6cf8331b7ee68fd8' password = sg.popup_get_text('Password', password_char='*') if password == 'gui': # Remove when pasting into your program HashGeneratorGUI() # Remove when pasting into your program exit(69) # Remove when pasting into your program if PasswordMatches(password, login_password_hash): print('Login SUCCESSFUL') else: print('Login FAILED!!') ``` ## Desktop Floating Toolbar #### Hiding your windows commmand window For this and the Time & CPU Widgets you may wish to consider using a tool or technique that will hide your Windows Command Prompt window. I recommend the techniques found on this site: [http://www.robvanderwoude.com/battech_hideconsole.php](http://www.robvanderwoude.com/battech_hideconsole.php) At the moment I'm using the technique that involves wscript and a script named RunNHide.vbs. They are working beautifully. I'm using a hotkey program and launch by using this script with the command "python.exe insert_program_here.py". I guess the next widget should be one that shows all the programs launched this way so you can kill any bad ones. If you don't properly catch the exit button on your window then your while loop is going to keep on working while your window is no longer there so be careful in your code to always have exit explicitly handled. ### Floating toolbar This is a cool one! (Sorry about the code pastes... I'm working in it) Impress your friends at what a tool-wizard you are by popping a custom toolbar that you keep in the corner of your screen. It stays on top of all your other windows. ![toolbar gray](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/13696193/45324308-bfb73700-b51b-11e8-90e7-ab24f3d6e61d.jpg) You can easily change colors to match your background by changing a couple of parameters in the code. ![toolbar black](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/13696193/45324307-bfb73700-b51b-11e8-8709-6c3c23f737c4.jpg) ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg import subprocess import os import sys """ Demo_Toolbar - A floating toolbar with quick launcher One cool PySimpleGUI demo. Shows borderless windows, grab_anywhere, tight button layout You can setup a specific program to launch when a button is clicked, or use the Combobox to select a .py file found in the root folder, and run that file. """ ROOT_PATH = './' def Launcher(): def print(line): window['output'].update(line) sg.ChangeLookAndFeel('Dark') namesonly = [f for f in os.listdir(ROOT_PATH) if f.endswith('.py') ] sg.SetOptions(element_padding=(0,0), button_element_size=(12,1), auto_size_buttons=False) layout = [[sg.Combo(values=namesonly, size=(35,30), key='demofile'), sg.Button('Run', button_color=('white', '#00168B')), sg.Button('Program 1'), sg.Button('Program 2'), sg.Button('Program 3', button_color=('white', '#35008B')), sg.Button('EXIT', button_color=('white','firebrick3'))], [sg.T('', text_color='white', size=(50,1), key='output')]] window = sg.Window('Floating Toolbar', layout, no_titlebar=True, keep_on_top=True) # ---===--- Loop taking in user input (events) --- # while True: (event, value) = window.read() if event == 'EXIT' or event == sg.WIN_CLOSED: break # exit button clicked if event == 'Program 1': print('Run your program 1 here!') elif event == 'Program 2': print('Run your program 2 here!') elif event == 'Run': file = value['demofile'] print('Launching %s'%file) ExecuteCommandSubprocess('python', os.path.join(ROOT_PATH, file)) else: print(event) def ExecuteCommandSubprocess(command, *args, wait=False): try: if sys.platwindow == 'linux': arg_string = '' for arg in args: arg_string += ' ' + str(arg) sp = subprocess.Popen(['python3' + arg_string, ], shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE) else: sp = subprocess.Popen([command, list(args)], shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE) if wait: out, err = sp.communicate() if out: print(out.decode("utf-8")) if err: print(err.decode("utf-8")) except: pass if __name__ == '__main__': Launcher() ``` ## Desktop Floating Widget - Timer This is a little widget you can leave running on your desktop. Will hopefully see more of these for things like checking email, checking server pings, displaying system information, dashboards, etc . Much of the code is handling the button states in a fancy way. It could be much simpler if you don't change the button text based on state. ![timer](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/13696193/45336349-26a31300-b551-11e8-8b06-d1232ff8ca10.jpg) ```python import sys if sys.version_info[0] >= 3: import PySimpleGUI as sg else: import PySimpleGUI27 as sg import time """ Timer Desktop Widget Creates a floating timer that is always on top of other windows You move it by grabbing anywhere on the window Good example of how to do a non-blocking, polling program using SimpleGUI Can be used to poll hardware when running on a Pi While the timer ticks are being generated by PySimpleGUI's "timeout" mechanism, the actual value of the timer that is displayed comes from the system timer, time.time(). This guarantees an accurate time value is displayed regardless of the accuracy of the PySimpleGUI timer tick. If this design were not used, then the time value displayed would slowly drift by the amount of time it takes to execute the PySimpleGUI read and update calls (not good!) NOTE - you will get a warning message printed when you exit using exit button. It will look something like: invalid command name \"1616802625480StopMove\" """ # ---------------- Create Form ---------------- sg.ChangeLookAndFeel('Black') sg.SetOptions(element_padding=(0, 0)) layout = [[sg.Text('')], [sg.Text('', size=(8, 2), font=('Helvetica', 20), justification='center', key='text')], [sg.Button('Pause', key='button', button_color=('white', '#001480')), sg.Button('Reset', button_color=('white', '#007339'), key='Reset'), sg.Exit(button_color=('white', 'firebrick4'), key='Exit')]] window = sg.Window('Running Timer', layout, no_titlebar=True, auto_size_buttons=False, keep_on_top=True, grab_anywhere=True) # ---------------- main loop ---------------- current_time = 0 paused = False start_time = int(round(time.time() * 100)) while (True): # --------- Read and update window -------- if not paused: event, values = window.read(timeout=10) current_time = int(round(time.time() * 100)) - start_time else: event, values = window.read() if event == 'button': event = window[event).GetText() # --------- Do Button Operations -------- if event == sg.WIN_CLOSED or event == 'Exit': # ALWAYS give a way out of program break if event is 'Reset': start_time = int(round(time.time() * 100)) current_time = 0 paused_time = start_time elif event == 'Pause': paused = True paused_time = int(round(time.time() * 100)) element = window['button') element.update(text='Run') elif event == 'Run': paused = False start_time = start_time + int(round(time.time() * 100)) - paused_time element = window['button') element.update(text='Pause') # --------- Display timer in window -------- window['text'].update('{:02d}:{:02d}.{:02d}'.format((current_time // 100) // 60, (current_time // 100) % 60, current_time % 100)) ``` ## Desktop Floating Widget - CPU Utilization Like the Timer widget above, this script can be kept running. You will need the package psutil installed in order to run this Recipe. The spinner changes the number of seconds between reads. Note that you will get an error message printed when exiting because the window does not have have a titlebar. It's a known problem. ![cpu widget 2](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/13696193/45456096-77348080-b6b7-11e8-8906-6663c31ad0eb.jpg) ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg import psutil # ---------------- Create Window ---------------- sg.ChangeLookAndFeel('Black') layout = [[sg.Text('')], [sg.Text('', size=(8, 2), font=('Helvetica', 20), justification='center', key='text')], [sg.Exit(button_color=('white', 'firebrick4'), pad=((15, 0), 0)), sg.Spin([x + 1 for x in range(10)], 1, key='spin')]] window = sg.Window('Running Timer', layout, no_titlebar=True, auto_size_buttons=False, keep_on_top=True, grab_anywhere=True) # ---------------- main loop ---------------- while (True): # --------- Read and update window -------- event, values = window.read(timeout=0) # --------- Do Button Operations -------- if event == sg.WIN_CLOSED or event == 'Exit': break try: interval = int(values['spin']) except: interval = 1 cpu_percent = psutil.cpu_percent(interval=interval) # --------- Display timer in window -------- window['text'].update(f'CPU {cpu_percent:02.0f}%') # Broke out of main loop. Close the window. window.close() ``` ## Menus Menus are nothing more than buttons that live in a menu-bar. When you click on a menu item, you get back a "button" with that menu item's text, just as you would had that text been on a button. Menu's are defined separately from the GUI window. To add one to your window, simply insert sg.Menu(menu_layout). The menu definition is a list of menu choices and submenus. They are a list of lists. Copy the Recipe and play with it. You'll eventually get when you're looking for. If you double click the dashed line at the top of the list of choices, that menu will tear off and become a floating toolbar. How cool! To enable this feature, set the parameter `tearoff=True` in your call to `sg.Menu()` ![tear off](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/13696193/45307668-9aabcf80-b4ed-11e8-9b2b-8564d4bf82a8.jpg) ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg sg.ChangeLookAndFeel('LightGreen') sg.SetOptions(element_padding=(0, 0)) # ------ Menu Definition ------ # menu_def = [['File', ['Open', 'Save', 'Exit' ]], ['Edit', ['Paste', ['Special', 'Normal', ], 'Undo'], ], ['Help', 'About...'], ] # ------ GUI Defintion ------ # layout = [ [sg.Menu(menu_def, )], [sg.Output(size=(60, 20))] ] window = sg.Window("Windows-like program", layout, default_element_size=(12, 1), auto_size_text=False, auto_size_buttons=False, default_button_element_size=(12, 1)) # ------ Loop & Process button menu choices ------ # while True: event, values = window.read() if event == sg.WIN_CLOSED or event == 'Exit': break print('Button = ', event) # ------ Process menu choices ------ # if event == 'About...': sg.popup('About this program', 'Version 1.0', 'PySimpleGUI rocks...') elif event == 'Open': filename = sg.popup_get_file('file to open', no_window=True) print(filename) ``` ## Graphing with Graph Element Use the Graph Element to draw points, lines, circles, rectangles using ***your*** coordinate systems rather than the underlying graphics coordinates. In this example we're defining our graph to be from -100, -100 to +100,+100. That means that zero is in the middle of the drawing. You define this graph description in your call to Graph. ![graph markers](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/13696193/46113087-01eaa480-c1bb-11e8-9784-0dbb4ce728b0.jpg) ```python import math import PySimpleGUI as sg layout = [[sg.Graph(canvas_size=(400, 400), graph_bottom_left=(-105,-105), graph_top_right=(105,105), background_color='white', key='graph', tooltip='This is a cool graph!')],] window = sg.Window('Graph of Sine Function', layout, grab_anywhere=True).Finalize() graph = window['graph') # Draw axis graph.DrawLine((-100,0), (100,0)) graph.DrawLine((0,-100), (0,100)) for x in range(-100, 101, 20): graph.DrawLine((x,-3), (x,3)) if x != 0: graph.DrawText( x, (x,-10), color='green') for y in range(-100, 101, 20): graph.DrawLine((-3,y), (3,y)) if y != 0: graph.DrawText( y, (-10,y), color='blue') # Draw Graph for x in range(-100,100): y = math.sin(x/20)*50 graph.DrawCircle((x,y), 1, line_color='red', fill_color='red') event, values = window.read() ``` ## Tabs Tabs bring not only an extra level of sophistication to your window layout, they give you extra room to add more elements. Tabs are one of the 3 container Elements, Elements that hold or contain other Elements. The other two are the Column and Frame Elements. ![tabs](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/13696193/46049479-97732f00-c0fc-11e8-8015-5bbed8bd88bb.jpg) ```python import PySimpleGUI as sg tab1_layout = [[sg.T('This is inside tab 1')]] tab2_layout = [[sg.T('This is inside tab 2')], [sg.In(key='in')]] layout = [[sg.TabGroup([[sg.Tab('Tab 1', tab1_layout, tooltip='tip'), sg.Tab('Tab 2', tab2_layout)]], tooltip='TIP2')], [sg.Button('Read')]] window = sg.Window('My window with tabs', layout, default_element_size=(12,1)) while True: event, values = window.read() print(event,values) if event == sg.WIN_CLOSED: # always, always give a way out! break ``` ## Creating a Windows .EXE File It's possible to create a single .EXE file that can be distributed to Windows users. There is no requirement to install the Python interpreter on the PC you wish to run it on. Everything it needs is in the one EXE file, assuming you're running a somewhat up to date version of Windows. Installation of the packages, you'll need to install PySimpleGUI and PyInstaller (you need to install only once) pip install PySimpleGUI pip install PyInstaller To create your EXE file from your program that uses PySimpleGUI, `my_program.py`, enter this command in your Windows command prompt: pyinstaller -wF my_program.py You will be left with a single file, `my_program.exe`, located in a folder named `dist` under the folder where you executed the `pyinstaller` command. That's all... Run your `my_program.exe` file on the Windows machine of your choosing. > "It's just that easy." > (famous last words that screw up just about anything being referenced) Your EXE file should run without creating a "shell window". Only the GUI window should show up on your taskbar. # Author & Owner The PySimpleGUI Organization This documentation as well as all PySimpleGUI code and documentation is Copyright 2018, 2019, 2020 by PySimpleGUI.org Send correspondence to PySimpleGUI@PySimpleGUI.com prior to use of documentation